In paper chromatography, is the substance being tested the solute or the solvent?

Answer:

Thermal energy is heat energy.

When it is removed, the temperature of particle decreases due to decrease in the internal energy involving that particle.

Motion of the particle decreases due to decrease in kinetic energy caused by reduction in the internal energy.

The state of the particle changes from that current state e.g liquid or gas to a solid state due to increase in the latent heat of vapourisation.

With thermodynamics we can find that by giving energy to a substance the temperature increases and after a certain value it can change from solid to liquid and vapor state

In the opposite case, as the energy of a substance decreases, the temperature decreases and goes from a gaseous state to a liquid and a solid.

Thermodynamics study the changes that substances have as their energy changes, finding macroscopic relationships such as temperature, state, pressure and volume.

The temperature of a substance is a measure of the internal energy of the particles and the thermodynamic state of a substance can be solid, liquid or gaseous depending on whether the shape and volume is maintained.

Let's analyze what happens when we increase the energy of a substance.

In this case, the particles that form has more energy, so the temperature of the substance increases, if the energy is enough to break any bonds, the substance can go from the solid state to the liquid and by continuing to increase the energy it can be break all the bonds going from the liquid to the gaseous state.

In the opposite case, when the energy of the particles decreases, it has smaller movements, therefore its temperature decreases and if some bonds are formed, the substance stops from the gaseous state to the liquid state and if the energy continues to decrease, more bonds are formed passing the liquid state to solid.

In conclusion, with the change in energy, the temperature changes in the same direction and after a certain value it can go from solid to liquid and as the temperature increases more it can go from liquid to gas.

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Approximately 12,083.33 mL of the water sample contains 145 mg of Pb.

To calculate the amount of water (in mL) that contains 145 mg of Pb, we need to use the given information that the water sample contains 0.0012% Pb by mass.

First, we need to find the mass of the entire water sample. Let's assume the mass of the water sample is 1 gram (1000 mg) for ease of calculation.

Since the water sample contains 0.0012% Pb by mass, we can calculate the mass of Pb in the water sample by multiplying the mass of the water sample by 0.0012%.

Mass of Pb = 0.0012% x 1000 mg = 0.012 mg

Next, we can set up a proportion to find the volume of water (in mL) that contains 145 mg of Pb:

Mass of Pb / Volume of water = Mass of Pb in the given water sample / Volume of the given water sample

145 mg / x mL = 0.012 mg / 1 mL

Cross-multiplying, we get:

145 mg x 1 mL = 0.012 mg x x mL

145 = 0.012x

Solving for x:

x = 145 / 0.012

x ≈ 12,083.33 mL

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The balanced half-reaction describing the reduction of solid diiodine (I2) to aqueous iodide anions (I-) can be represented as follows:

I2 + 2e- -> 2I-

In this half-reaction, two electrons (2e-) are added to diiodine (I2), resulting in the formation of two iodide anions (2I-). This reduction process involves the gain of electrons by diiodine, leading to the conversion of neutral diiodine molecules to negatively charged iodide ions.

The balanced equation illustrates that for every molecule of diiodine (I2) reduced, two iodide anions (I-) are formed. The transfer of electrons from the reducing agent (in this case, the diiodine) to the oxidizing agent results in the formation of the reduced species (iodide ions).

It is important to note that this is only a half-reaction, and the overall redox reaction would require a corresponding oxidation half-reaction to complete the balanced equation. The reduction half-reaction described above represents the reduction of diiodine to iodide ions.

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Answer:

Homeostasis

Explanation:

The longer you are awake the longer your body has the feeling of rest and the least you are awake the faster your body will wake up since it has had enough rest.

According to the concept of significant figures,0.002  molecules of CO₂ per hundred molecules of air  are expressed as a concentration as 2 parts per thousand .

Significant figures are used for establishment  of a number which is presented in the form of digits. These digits give a meaningful representation  to the numbers.

The significant figures are the significant digits which convey the meaning according to the accuracy. These provide precision to the numbers and hence are called as significant numbers.There are rules for counting significant figures which are as follows:

1)All non-zero digits are significant .

2)All zeroes which occur between non-zero digits are significant.

3)All zeroes to the left and right of  a non-zero digit are not significant.

4) All zeroes on right  of decimal are significant if a non-zero number follows them.

5)All zeroes on right side of non-zero digit are significant.

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Answer: Shaping the electric conductor into a coil essentially increases the strength of the magnetic field.

Explanation:

I’m smart plz give brainlest hope this helps

Answer:Shaping the electric conductor into a coil essentially increases the strength of the magnetic field.

Explanation:

Answer:

V₂ ≈416.7 mL

Explanation:

This question asks us to find the volume, given another volume and 2 temperatures in Kelvin. Based on this information, we must be using Charles's Law and the formula. Remember, his law states the volume of a gas is proportional to the temperature.

where V₁ and V₂ are the first and second volumes, and T₁ and T₂ are the first and second temperature.

The balloon has a volume of 600 milliliters and a temperature of 360 K, but the temperature then drops to 250 K. So,

Substitute the values into the formula.

Since we are solving for the second volume when the temperature is 250 K, we have to isolate the variable V₂. It is being divided by 250 K. The inverse o division is multiplication, so we multiply both sides by 250 K.

The units of Kelvin cancel, so we are left with the units of mL.

Let's round to the nearest tenth. The 6 in the hundredth place tells us to round to 6 to a 7.

The volume of the balloon at 250 K is approximately 416.7 milliliters.

The theoretical yield of CuO is 0.403 g.

To calculate the theoretical yield, the first step is to determine the limiting reactant, which is the reactant that is completely consumed and thus limits the amount of product that can be formed. To do this, we need to compare the amounts of CuBr₂ and NaOH that are available, and determine which one will be used up first.

The balanced chemical equation tells us that 1 mole of CuBr₂ reacts with 2 moles of NaOH to produce 1 mole of CuO. From the given amount of CuBr₂ (0.700 g), we can convert to moles using the molar mass of CuBr₂ (223.36 g/mol):

0.700 g CuBr₂ x (1 mol CuBr2/223.36 g CuBr₂) = 0.00313 mol CuBr₂

From the amount of NaOH (not given), we can assume that there is excess NaOH, meaning that all of the CuBr2 will react and the NaOH will not be completely consumed. Therefore, we can use the amount of CuBr2 to calculate the theoretical yield of CuO:

0.00313 mol CuBr₂ x (1 mol CuO/1 mol CuBr₂) x (79.55 g CuO/mol) = 0.403 g CuO

Therefore, the correct answer is 0.403 g.

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If more \(H_{2}\) and \(N_{2}\) are added to the reaction 3\(H_{2}\) + N2 → 2\(NH_{3}\) after it reaches equilibrium, two events will occur Shift in Equilibrium and Increased Yield of \(NH_{3}\)

1. Shift in Equilibrium: According to Le Chatelier's principle, when additional reactants are added, the equilibrium will shift in the forward direction to consume the added reactants and establish a new equilibrium. In this case, more \(NH_{3}\) will be produced to counteract the increase in \(H_{2}\) and \(N_{2}\).

2. Increased Yield of \(NH_{3}\): The shift in equilibrium towards the forward reaction will result in an increased yield of \(NH_{3}\). As more \(H_{2}\) and \(N_{2}\) are added, the reaction will favor the production of \(NH_{3}\) to maintain equilibrium. This will lead to an increase in the concentration of \(NH_{3}\) compared to the initial equilibrium state.

It is important to note that the equilibrium position will ultimately depend on factors such as the concentrations of \(H_{2}\), \(N_{2}\), and \(NH_{3}\), as well as the temperature and pressure of the system. By adding more reactants, the equilibrium will adjust to achieve a new balance, favoring the formation of more \(NH_{3}\).

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Answer:

C

Explanation:

Took the test on egde

Burning  of wood and coal causes an increases greenhouse gas.

A greenhouse gas absorbs as well as emits radiant energy in the thermal infrared region, resulting in the effect of greenhouse gas . Water vapor, carbon dioxide (\(CO_{2}\)), methane(\(CH_{4}\)), nitrous oxide, and ozone(\(O_{3}\)) are the principal greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere.

Generally, it is known that by burning of wood and coal carbon di-oxide gas will release. Therefore, burning of wood and coal will be responsible for greenhouse gas.

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The pH of methylene blue stain can affect the staining of bacteria. When prepared as a basic stain, methylene blue binds to acidic components of bacterial cells, resulting in a blue color. When prepared as an acidic stain, methylene blue binds to basic components of bacterial cells, resulting in a red or pink color.

Methylene blue is a common biological stain that is used to visualize bacterial cells under a microscope. The pH of the stain can affect how it interacts with bacterial cells and how the cells appear when viewed under a microscope.

When prepared as a basic stain, methylene blue has a positive charge and binds to acidic components of bacterial cells, such as nucleic acids and acidic polysaccharides.

This results in a blue coloration of the cells, making them easier to visualize and differentiate from other cells or debris on the slide.

On the other hand, when methylene blue is prepared as an acidic stain, it has a negative charge and binds to basic components of bacterial cells, such as proteins and basic polysaccharides.

This results in a red or pink coloration of the cells. The choice of stain depends on the type of bacteria being visualized and the specific components of the cells that need to be highlighted.

In general, basic stains like methylene blue are more commonly used for bacterial staining due to their ease of use and consistent results.

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A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more pure substances whose composition can vary within certain limits. A solution generally consists of two components, they are called solute and solvent.

A solution is called the supersaturated one which contains more dissolved solute than required for preparing the saturated solution and it is generally prepared by heating the saturated solution, adding more solute and then cooling it gently.

A supersaturated solution is unstable. Adding a small amount of the solute, a seed crystal will cause excess solute to rapidly precipitate or crystallize.

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Explanation:

here is the answer attached

Answer: A. Mass B. Density

Explanation:

Answer:

A, mass. B density

Explanation:

because yes, and yes. also the person above me is correct have a good day

Answer:

D. Partial pressure

Explanation:

Partial pressure is the individual pressure exerted by each gas present in a gaseous mixture. As he is measuring the pressure of each gas in the atmosphere separately, so PARTIAL PRESSURE is the exact term for his measurement.

Answer:

A) anaerobic respiration

B) photosynthesis

C) breathing

Answer:

10.the pauli exclusive principle statues that, in an atom

or molecules, no two electrons can have same four electronic quantum numbers.as an orbit can contain a maximum of only two electrons.the two electrons must have opposing spins

The effects of exposure were more pronounced in fish that had been raised in a less stressful environment, suggesting that environmental conditions can influence the impact of exposure to antidepressants.

1. The class of drugs being investigated in this study is antidepressants. They enter our waterways through excretion by individuals taking the medication, and disposal of unused medication into toilets or sinks that are connected to wastewater treatment plants.

2. C-start is an evasive maneuver that young fish use when they perceive a predator. This is important for larval fish survival because it helps them to avoid being eaten by predators.

3. In this investigation, researchers are testing two hypotheses. The first is that exposure to low levels of antidepressants can affect larval fathead minnows' behavior, and the second is that the effects of exposure will be more pronounced in fish that have been raised in a less stressful environment.

4. The researchers found that exposure to antidepressants at levels found in waterways can have a significant impact on the behavior of larval fathead minnows. Specifically, they found that the fish exposed to antidepressants were less likely to respond to the presence of predators, which could increase their risk of being eaten.

They also found that the effects of exposure were more pronounced in fish that had been raised in a less stressful environment, suggesting that environmental conditions can influence the impact of exposure to antidepressants.

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Answer: here is 1 way:

Explanation:

Meh explaination :1. Thermal energy refers to the energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature. Heat is the flow of thermal energy. A whole branch of physics, thermodynamics, deals with how heat is transferred between different systems and how work is done in the process (see the 1ˢᵗ law of thermodynamics).

Easy explaination:2. The energy of motion in the molecules of a substance.

Hard explanation: 3. Thermal energy is defined as the total of all kinetic energies within a given system.

Hope this helps!;)

In the hydroboration-oxidation reaction, the nucleophile is borane (BH3), and the reaction is regioselective due to the preference for adding to the less substituted carbon atom of the alkene.

In the given experiment, the nucleophile is the compound or species that donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond with another atom or molecule.

In the context of hydroboration-oxidation, the nucleophile is the boron atom (B) in the reagent BH3 (borane). BH3 acts as a Lewis acid and forms a coordinate covalent bond with the nucleophile, which is typically an alkene.

The reaction is considered regioselective because it exhibits selectivity in the formation of a specific regioisomer. In hydroboration-oxidation reactions, the regioselectivity arises from the nature of the reaction mechanism.

During hydroboration, the boron atom adds to the alkene's least substituted carbon atom, resulting in the formation of an organoborane compound. Subsequent oxidation converts the organoborane to an alcohol.

The regioselectivity is primarily attributed to the preference of the boron atom to add to the carbon atom with fewer alkyl groups attached. This preference is due to the electronic and steric factors involved in the reaction mechanism.

The boron atom acts as an electron-deficient species and is attracted to the electron-rich double bond. However, the steric hindrance caused by the alkyl groups around the double bond influences the selectivity, favoring the addition to the less hindered carbon atom.

Overall, the regioselectivity of the hydroboration-oxidation reaction ensures the formation of the desired regioisomer by selectively adding the boron atom to the less substituted carbon atom of the alkene, leading to the synthesis of the target compound.

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High concentration It means to have more solute molecules in the solution

High concentration refers to a large amount of a substance present in a certain space or volume. It can also mean that the concentration of a particular substance is higher than the concentration of other substances in the same mixture.

Thus if we have more solute in the system that is under study than the solvents we can say that the system is more concentrated or is a high concentration solution.

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The change of a pH 3 to pH 2, changes the hydronium ion concentration by a factor of 10 and acids have a higher hydronium ion concentration than this value.

1. The pH scale is indeed a logarithmic scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution. It represents the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydronium ion concentration [H3O+].

pH = -log[H3O+].

=> [H3O+] = 10^(-pH)

For pH 3, the hydronium ion concentration would be:

[H3O+] at pH 3 = 10^(-3)

For pH 2, the hydronium ion concentration would be:

[H3O+] at pH 2 = 10^(-2)

Factor = [H3O+] at pH 2 / [H3O+] at pH 3

= (10^(-2)) / (10^(-3))

= 10^(-2 + 3) = 10^1 = 10

2. Acids have a higher hydronium ion concentration [H3O+] than the value calculated above.

Therefore, the hydronium ion concentration [H3O+] changes by a factor of 10 when the pH changes from 3 to 2  and acids have a higher hydronium ion concentration than this value.

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Moles of carbon dioxide(co2) will you make only 0.0115 mol was produced.

we know the ideal gas equation,

PV = nRT

PV/RT=n

n=(1.04 atm)(1.00 L) /L atm (0.0821 )(1100 K) mol K

n=0.0115 moles of CO2.

The moles ofCaCO3 = 50.0 g/100.09 g/mol = 0.500 mol CaCO3 .If the reaction had gone to completion, 0.500 mol of CO2 would have been produced.  The two different experiments (one with 50.0 g of CaCO3 and one with 100.0 g of CaCO3) reached the same constant, final pressure of 1.04 atm.

Since increasing the amount of reactant did not produce more product, there is no way that all of the CaCO3 reacted. Instead, an equilibrium condition has been achieved and there must be some solid CaCO3 in the container.

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Explanation

As temperatures rise, glaciers melt faster than they accumulate new snow. As these ice sheets and glaciers melt, the water eventually runs into the ocean, causing sea level to rise. Icebergs and frozen seawater also melt in warm temperatures but are not significant contributors to sea level rise.

When glaciers collapse and pieces of glacial ice fall into the ocean, they are called icebergs. Because the water from melting glaciers is held on land, the runoff greatly raises the volume of water in the ocean, causing a rise in sea level.

The enormous ice sheets that are present in Greenland and Antarctica are also referred to as glaciers. Glaciers melt more quickly as temperatures rise than they can store new snow. As these glaciers and ice sheets melt, the water eventually enters the ocean, raising the sea level.

Changes in the amount of sea ice can impede the regular flow of the ocean, which can impact the climate globally. The polar regions are the most vulnerable regions on Earth to climate change because even a slight temperature increase can cause larger warming over time.

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The reaction at the given concentration proceed towards left to form reactants. Thus, option C is correct.

The given balanced equation has been:

\(\rm 2\;NOCl\;\leftrightharpoons 2\;NO\;+\;Cl_2\)

The equilibrium constant, Keq for the reaction, is given as:

\(Keq=\rm \dfrac{[NO]^2\;[Cl_2]}{[NOCl]^2}\)

The given concentration of NOCl is 1 M

The given concentration of NO is  0. 5 M

The given concentration of Chlorine is  0. 5 M.

The value of equilibrium constant for given concentrations are:

\(Keq=\dfrac{[ 0. 5]^2\;[ 0. 5]}{[1]^2}\\ Keq=0.125\)

The given value of equilibrium constant is \(\rm 4.4\;\times\;10^-^4\). Since the given value of constant is less than the reaction constant, the reaction proceeds towards the reactant  to establish equilibrium.

Thus, option C is correct.

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All three ions have a formal charge of 0, they are all stable according to Lewis theory. However, we can further analyze their stability based on their resonance structures and bond energies, which is beyond the scope of this question. Therefore, the answer is e) All of these compounds are equally stable according to Lewis theory .

To determine which of the ions is most stable using Lewis structures and formal charge, we can infer the following from lewis structures of each ion :
a) OCN^-
O has 6 valence electrons, C has 4, and N has 5. To have a complete octet, O shares two electrons with C and one electron with N. The N atom has a lone pair of electrons, and the negative charge is on the O atom.

b) ONC^-
O has 6 valence electrons, N has 5, and C has 4. To have a complete octet, O shares two electrons with N and one electron with C. The C atom has a lone pair of electrons, and the negative charge is on the O atom.

c) NOC^-
N has 5 valence electrons, O has 6, and C has 4. To have a complete octet, N shares two electrons with O and one electron with C. The C atom has a lone pair of electrons, and the negative charge is on the N atom.

To determine the formal charge of each atom, we use the formula:
formal charge = valence electrons - non-bonded electrons - half of bonded electrons

a) O has 6 valence electrons, is bonded to two other atoms (C and N), and has 4 non-bonded electrons. Formal charge = 6 - 4 - 2 = 0. C has 4 valence electrons, is bonded to two other atoms (O and N), and has 2 non-bonded electrons. Formal charge = 4 - 2 - 4/2 = 0. N has 5 valence electrons, is bonded to two other atoms (O and C), and has 3 non-bonded electrons. Formal charge = 5 - 3 - 4/2 = 0.

b) O has 6 valence electrons, is bonded to two other atoms (N and C), and has 4 non-bonded electrons. Formal charge = 6 - 4 - 2 = 0. N has 5 valence electrons, is bonded to two other atoms (O and C), and has 3 non-bonded electrons. Formal charge = 5 - 3 - 4/2 = 0. C has 4 valence electrons, is bonded to two other atoms (O and N), and has 2 non-bonded electrons. Formal charge = 4 - 2 - 4/2 = 0.

c) N has 5 valence electrons, is bonded to two other atoms (O and C), and has 3 non-bonded electrons. Formal charge = 5 - 3 - 4/2 = 0. O has 6 valence electrons, is bonded to two other atoms (N and C), and has 4 non-bonded electrons. Formal charge = 6 - 4 - 2 = 0. C has 4 valence electrons, is bonded to two other atoms (N and O), and has 2 non-bonded electrons. Formal charge = 4 - 2 - 4/2 = 0.

Since all three ions have a formal charge of 0, they are all stable according to Lewis theory. However, we can further analyze their stability based on their resonance structures and bond energies, which is beyond the scope of this question. Therefore, the answer is e) All of these compounds are equally stable according to Lewis theory , i.e, all the given ions are equally stable ions.

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Answer:

OCN^-

Explanation:

Out of all of the answers, OCN^- is the most stable ion.

It would require approximately 19,008 joules of energy to heat a frozen can of juice (360 grams) from -5 °C to 110 °C.

We need to use the specific heat capacity formula:

Q = mcΔT

Where

First, we need to convert the mass of the can of juice from grams to kilograms:

m = 360 g = 0.360 kg

Next, we need to find the specific heat capacity of the juice. The specific heat capacity varies depending on the type of juice, but for the purposes of this calculation, we can assume a value of around 4200 J/kg°C, which is the specific heat capacity of water.

c = 4200 J/kg°C

Finally, we can calculate the energy required to heat the can of juice:

Q = mcΔT

Q = (0.360 kg)(4200 J/kg°C)(110°C - (-5°C))

Q = (0.360 kg)(4200 J/kg°C)(115°C)

Q = 19,008 J

Therefore, it would require approximately 19,008 joules of energy to heat a frozen can of juice (360 grams) from -5 °C to 110 °C.

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The final volume of gas in the sandwich bag at the top of the mountain is 260 ml.

The volume of the gas in the sandwich bag can be calculated by using the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT. To answer the question, we need to know the temperature, number of moles, and pressure of the gas at the top of the mountain.

Since the pressure is given, we can use the pressure at the top of the mountain and the pressure at the base of the mountain to calculate the change in volume of the gas.

Using the ideal gas law, the final volume of gas in the sandwich bag at the top of the mountain is 260 ml.

The equation is: V2 = V1 x (P2/P1),

where V2 is the final volume of the gas at the top of the mountain, V1 is the initial volume of the gas at the base of the mountain, P2 is the pressure at the top of the mountain, and P1 is the pressure at the base of the mountain.

The final volume of gas at the top of the mountain is 260 ml.

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