Step-by-Step Advanced Placement (AP) Tutorials for Easy Learning
The passage reveals which of the following trends from the period 1200 to 1450?A. Widespread hostility toward trade with outsiders was being supported by the state.B. The state was sponsoring innovative commercial practices and infrastructure to encourage trade.C. Luxury goods and products became accessible to the middle and lower classes.D. Economies were declining throughout Eurasia as a result of Mongol invasions.Refer to the passage.Furthermore all merchants arriving from India or other countries, and bringing with them gold or silver or gems and pearls, are prohibited from selling to any one but the Emperor. He has twelve experts chosen for this business, men of shrewdness and experience in such affairs; these appraise the articles, and the Emperor then pays a liberal price for them in those pieces of paper. The merchants accept his price readily, for in the first place they would not get so good a one from anybody else, and secondly they are paid without any delay. And with this paper-money they can buy what they like anywhere over the Empire, whilst it is also vastly lighter to carry about on their journeys. And it is a truth that the merchants will several times in the year bring wares to the amount of 400,000 bezants, and the Grand Sire pays for all in that paper. Excerpt from The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, Vol. 2, 1871
What does the destruction of the mosques indicate about the importance of Islam in Persia between 1200 and 1450 CE?Islam was consistently practiced by all in Persia.Islam led to a decline of education in the city of Baghdad. Islam was already in decline, making Persia vulnerable to invasion.Islam was a unifying force in Baghdad at the time of the invasion.Refer to the passage."They [the Mongols] came down upon the city and killed all they could, men, women and children, the old, the middle-aged, and the young. Many of the people went into wells, latrines, and sewers and hid there for many days without emerging. Most of the people gathered in the caravanserais [inns] and locked themselves in. The Tatars [Mongols] opened the gates by either breaking or burning them. When they entered, the people in them fled upstairs and the Tatars killed them on the roofs until blood poured from the gutters into the street; We belong to God and to God we return [Qur'an, ii, 156]. The same happened in the mosques and cathedral mosques and dervish convents. . . . And Baghdad, which had been the most civilised of all cities, became a ruin with only a few inhabitants, and they were in fear and hunger and wretchedness and insignificance.Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidaya wa Al-Nihaya, 14th century"Remembrance of Things Past: On the City of Peace, Baghdad, in Al-Ahram Weekly Online, Cairo (April 2003)
Which of the following was an important long-term effect of the Mongol invasions in Eurasia?The dissolution of the Chinese stateThe emergence of the Russian identityThe destruction of trading routes in EurasiaThe creation of a hybrid Mongol-Persian cultureRefer to the passage."They [the Mongols] came down upon the city and killed all they could, men, women and children, the old, the middle-aged, and the young. Many of the people went into wells, latrines, and sewers and hid there for many days without emerging. Most of the people gathered in the caravanserais [inns] and locked themselves in. The Tatars [Mongols] opened the gates by either breaking or burning them. When they entered, the people in them fled upstairs and the Tatars killed them on the roofs until blood poured from the gutters into the street; We belong to God and to God we return [Qur'an, ii, 156]. The same happened in the mosques and cathedral mosques and dervish convents. . . . And Baghdad, which had been the most civilised of all cities, became a ruin with only a few inhabitants, and they were in fear and hunger and wretchedness and insignificance. Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidaya wa Al-Nihaya, 14th century"Remembrance of Things Past: On the City of Peace, Baghdad, in Al-Ahram Weekly Online, Cairo (April 2003)
Which of the following religious policies remained consistent throughout the Mongol Empire?The policy of restricting European missionaries, which began in PersiaThe spread of the Islamic religion, which began with the Abbasid caliphateThe policy of religious tolerance, which was similar to the policy under the rule of the Arab sultanatesThe rejection of Christianity as an official religion, which was similar to its rejection in other empires throughout AsiaRefer to the passage."The next day (25th May) (the Chan) sent his secretaries to me, who said: Our lord sends us to you to say that you are here Christians, Saracens [Muslims] and Tuins. And each of you says that his doctrine is the best, and his writingsthat is, booksthe truest. So he wishes that you shall all meet together, and make a comparison, each one writing down his precepts, so that he himself may be able to know the truth. Then I said: Blessed be God, who put this in the Chans heart. But our Scriptures tell us, the servant of God should not dispute, but should show mildness to all; so I am ready, without disputation or contention, to give reason for the faith and hope of the Christians, to the best of my ability. They wrote down my words, and carried them back to him. Then it was told the Nestorians that they should look to themselves, and write down what they wished to say, and likewise to the Saracens [Muslims], and in the same way to the Tuins.Excerpt from The Journey of William of Rubruck, written by a Franciscan monk sent by King Louis IX of France to the Mongol Empire in 1253