what are the risks involved in using auctions to source malic acid? briefly explain with evidence from the case.

Answer:

C. The temperature at which the solution freezes is lowered.

1) balanced chemical equation

\(2\ C_{4}H_{10}_{(g)}\ +\ 13\ O_{2}_{(g)}\ ->\ 10\ H_{2}O_{(g)}\ +\ 8\ CO_{2}_{(g)}\)

2) convert mass of CO₂ to moles

\(=71.9g\ CO_{2}\ x\ \frac{1\ mol\ CO_{2}}{44.01g\ CO_{2}} \\\\=1.633719609\)

3) multiply by molar ratio

\(=1.633719609\ mol\ CO_{2}\ x\ \frac{2\ mol\ C_{4}H_{10}}{8\ mol\ CO_{2}}\\\\=0.4084299023\)

4) convert moles of C₄H₁₀ to mass

\(=0.4084299023\ mol\ C_{4}H_{10}\ x\ \frac{58.14g\ C_{4}H_{10}}{1\ mol\ C_{4}H_{10}}\\\\=23.74611452\)

= 23.7 grams of C₄H₁₀ is needed to produce 71.9 grams of CO₂

There is 4  reduced bond acetate.  in other words, 4 reduced cofactors are formed when acetate is fully oxidized in the citric acid cycle.

The final stages of carbon skeleton oxidative degradation for carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids are carried out in the mitochondrial hub known as the citric acid cycle. A coenzyme like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) or flavin adenine dinucleotide is reduced by each oxidative cycle in turn (FADH2). The majority of ATP produced in the human body is produced by these reduced coenzymes, which directly contribute to the electron transport chain.

Intermediates in the biosynthesis of other chemicals by using citric acid may exit the cycle. Citrate can be used to make fatty acids, alpha-ketoglutarate to make amino acids, neurotransmitters, and purines, succinyl-CoA to make heme, malate to make gluconeogenesis, and oxaloacetate to make amino acids.

In order to keep the citric acid cycle going and substitute cataplerotic activities, intermediates can also be added. For instance, pyruvate carboxylase, which is present throughout the entire body, allows pyruvate to join the cycle, adding more oxaloacetate. The cycle moves closer to the exergonic citrate synthase reaction as a result of the rise in oxaloacetate. The production of alpha-ketoglutarate by the liver by transamination or oxidative deamination of glutamate makes it a special example.

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Heat energy is released into the environment as the rock's temperature rises as a result of conduction, creating an air bubble that is warmer than the surrounding air. This air bubble ascends into the upper atmosphere.

Heat transfer through conduction is not feasible since there is no medium separating the surface of the Earth from the Sun. The method of heat transfer that takes place without the aid of a medium is called radiation. So, we can say that radiation is how the heat from the Sun reaches the Earth.

Convection causes temperature disparities by forcing portions of a liquid or gas to heat up or cool down faster than their surrounds.

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Answer:

It causes no pollution.

It is less durable and very expensive.

Explanation:

Fuel Cell Vehicles are the vehicles which moves by using hydrogen gas to power an electric motor as compared to conventional vehicles that moves by burning of fossil fuels. There is no bad effect on the environment because Fuel Cell Vehicles cause no pollution like conventional vehicles. Due to less durable and very expensive, Fuel Cell Vehicles can't take the place of conventional vehicles because its higher price which is not affordable for the people.

Answer:

fuel cost and availability

vehicle cost and availability

domestic fuel sources

pollution

onboard fuel storage

fuel cell performance

The following formula can be used to determine how many moles of KC1 are present in 1250 mL of 0.75 M KC1: Molarity (M) is equal to the moles of solute per litre of solution.

In this instance, the volume of the solution is 1250 mL, and the molarity of KC1 is 0.75 M. The following formula can be used to determine how many moles of KC1 are present in 1250 mL of 0.75 M KC1: Molarity (M) times the number of litres in the solution equals 0.75 M times (1250 mL/1000 mL/L) or 0.9375 moles of KC1.

Consequently, 0.9375 moles of KC1 are present in 1250 mL of 0.75 M KC1. It is significant to remember that a solution's molarity is a measurement of the amount of a solute present in a given volume of the solution.

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Answer:

Al(OH)3 + 3HCl ---------> AlCl3 + 3H2O

Answer:

HEY THERE!!

Explanation:

The atomic radii increase, moving across a period to the left and down in a group

HOPE THIS HELPED HAVE A NICE DAY!!! <33

When glucose is converted to pyruvate, free energy is released, and some of this is captured by coupled reactions that produce ATP and NADH. Therefore, the correct option is c.

What is the model of Matter and Energy Transformation?

The model of Matter and Energy Transformation is a framework that explains the transformation of matter and energy through ecosystems.

It assists in understanding how materials and energy are passed from one organism to the next, as well as how they are modified throughout the ecosystem's energy system.

During the process of glucose conversion to pyruvate, free energy is released, which is captured by coupled reactions that produce ATP and NADH.

The conversion process of glucose to pyruvate takes place in the cell's cytoplasm, and it's the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Pyruvate can be used in the mitochondria to produce more ATP (cellular energy).

Therefore, based on the model of Matter and Energy Transformation from class and the laws of thermodynamics, when glucose is converted to pyruvate, free energy is released, which is captured by coupled reactions that produce ATP and NADH. So, the correct option is c.

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a) The BOD5 of the wastewater can be calculated as follows:

Initial DO - Final DO = BOD5
9.0 mg/l - 4.0 mg/l = 5.0 mg/l (BOD5)
b) The ultimate carbonaceous BOD can be estimated by assuming that all the BOD has been utilized. Therefore, it is equal to the BOD5 value.
Ultimate carbonaceous BOD = BOD5 = 5.0 mg/l
c) The amount of BOD remaining after 5 days can be calculated as follows:
Initial DO - DO after 5 days = BOD remaining
9.0 mg/l - 2.0 mg/l = 7.0 mg/l (BOD remaining after 5 days)
d) To estimate the reaction rate constant k, we can use the first-order rate equation:
BODt = BOD5 * e^(-kt)
where BODt is the BOD remaining at time t, and e is the base of the natural logarithm.
Using the data at day 30:
2.0 mg/l = 5.0 mg/l * e^(-k*30)
k = 0.0461 (1/day)
Therefore, the estimated reaction rate constant k is 0.0461 (1/day).
A BOD test was conducted using a mixture of 30 mL wastewater and 270 mL dilution water, with a nitrification inhibitor added. The initial DO was 9.0 mg/L.
a) The BOD5 of the wastewater is calculated by subtracting the DO after 5 days (4 mg/L) from the initial DO (9.0 mg/L), resulting in a BOD5 of 5 mg/L.
b) The ultimate carbonaceous BOD can be determined by subtracting the DO after 30 days (2 mg/L) from the initial DO (9.0 mg/L), giving a value of 7 mg/L.
c) The amount of BOD remaining after 5 days can be determined by subtracting the BOD5 from the ultimate carbonaceous BOD (7 mg/L - 5 mg/L), which equals 2 mg/L.
d) To estimate the reaction rate constant k (1/day), more data points are needed. Based on the information provided, a reliable estimation of k cannot be made.

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Product prediction and solubility rules in the following chemical reactions

MgBr2 (aq) + Cl2 (g) → MgCl2 (aq) + Br2 (aq)

Reaction type: Substitution

2 Al (s) + Fe2O3 (s) → Al2O3 (s) + 2 Fe (s)

Reaction type: Redox

ZnCl2 + 2 AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2 AgCl

Reaction type: Double substitution

H2SO4 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

Reaction type: Neutralization

4 Al (s) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 Al2O3 (s)

Reaction type: Oxidation

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Answer:

b

Explanation:

Stoichiometry is used to calculate energy absorbed when a mass of liquid boils is Grams liquid xmol/gx∆Hvap.

Stoichiometry is a branch of science that deals with the relationship that occur between the products and reactants in a reaction base on the mass and volume of substances involved.

Therefore, Stoichiometry is used to calculate energy absorbed when a mass of liquid boils is Grams liquid xmol/gx∆Hvap.

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In order for no prefix to be used to indicate the number of atoms in covalent compounds, the compound must consist of only two elements or involve hydrogen. These rules help simplify the naming and representation of covalent compounds.

In order for no prefix to be used to indicate the number of atoms in covalent compounds, two circumstances must be true:
1. The first circumstance is when the compound consists of only two elements. In this case, the prefix "mono-" is not used to indicate the number of atoms of the first element. For example, in the compound CO2, the prefix "mono-" is not used before the carbon atom.
2. The second circumstance is when the compound contains hydrogen. In covalent compounds involving hydrogen, the prefix "mono-" is not used to indicate the number of hydrogen atoms. For example, in the compound NH3, the prefix "mono-" is not used before the hydrogen atoms.

It's important to note that these circumstances apply to covalent compounds specifically. Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. In contrast, ionic compounds involve the transfer of electrons, and prefixes are not used to indicate the number of atoms in ionic compounds.

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The following methods can be used to synthesize 2- methyl-1-hexene with no formation of isomeric by-products : B) H₂SO₄ heat. Hence, B) is the the correct option.

A) H₂SO₄ heat: This method does not work because it leads to the formation of isomeric by-products. This reaction follows the E₁ mechanism and gives a mixture of products instead of the desired one.

B) H₂SO₄ heat: This method is the correct one to synthesize 2-methyl-1-hexene with no formation of isomeric by-products. This reaction follows the E₂ mechanism, which is a single-step mechanism. The reaction proceeds through a transition state where the leaving group and the proton are lost at the same time.

C) (CH₃)₃CO Na: This reaction is known as the Williamson ether synthesis, and it is used to synthesize ethers. It is not used to synthesize 2-methyl-1-hexene.

D) 요 H₂C=P(C₆H₃)₃: This is the Wittig reaction, which is used to synthesize alkenes. However, it is not used to synthesize 2-methyl-1-hexene. The Wittig reaction is a reaction between an aldehyde or a ketone and a phosphonium ylide to form an alkene.

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Ethanol (C2H5OH) is the chemical term for the form of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid with a strong odor. Ethanol is the product of fermentation and is used to produce alcoholic beverages. It is also used as an antiseptic, a fuel, and an additive in many commercial products. Ethanol is absorbed by the human body and can have a variety of effects on the body, including intoxication, slowed reaction time, and impaired judgment. In large doses, ethanol can cause alcohol poisoning and other serious health problems.

Ethanol is the main active ingredient in alcoholic beverages, and the amount present can range from less than 5% to more than 20%. The amount of ethanol in an alcoholic beverage can affect its taste, potency, and potential for intoxication. The higher the ethanol content, the higher the potential for intoxication.

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An aqueous potassium carbonate solution is made by dissolving 6.29 moles of K₂CO₃ in sufficient water so that the final volume of the solution is 4.20L. The molarity of a solution is 1.50M.

Molarity is defined as the moles of solute present in the specific amount or volume of a solution. We calculate the moles of a substance using the formula

moles=(mass/molar mass)

If the volume of a solution is given in ml, then convert it into L.

Molarity is calculated as

Molarity=moles/volume(in L)

Given that moles=6.29, and volume=4.20L

Plug both values in the formula

Molarity=(6.29 mol/4.20 L)

Molarity=1.4976 mol/L

Molarity=1.50 M (∵M=mol/L)

Therefore, the molarity of a K₂CO₃ solution is 1.50M.

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Scientist discovered a species that doesn’t have any organelles. organism could it be Bacteria.

Organelles are the tiny organs of the cell. organelles have one or more than one jobs to perform. The most important cell organelles is nuclei. Bacteria is single cell organism having cellular DNA  and no organelles.  Bacteria belongs to prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller than the eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cell do not have nucleus and do not have organelles. You can find bacteria in almost everywhere in earth. some bacteria can survive in extreme temperature and pressure.

Thus, Scientist discovered a species that doesn’t have any organelles. organism could it be Bacteria.

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The molarity of the solution : 1.2 M

Molarity shows the number of moles of solute in every 1 liter of solute or mmol in each ml of solution

\(\large{\boxed {\bold {M ~ = ~ \frac {n} {V}}}\)

Where

M = Molarity

n = Number of moles of solute

V = Volume of solution

mass of NaCl=35 g

Volume of solution = 0.5 L

mol NaCl(MW=58.44 g/mol) :

\(\tt mol=\dfrac{mass}{MW}\\\\mol=\dfrac{35}{58.44}\\\\mol=0.6\)

The molarity :

\(\tt M=\dfrac{0.6}{0.5}=1.2\)

Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction is an important synthetic reaction in organic chemistry. It is widely used for synthesizing various compounds. The reaction is between an aldehyde or ketone and a phosphonate or phosphonate ester in the presence of a strong base.

The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction is one of the most convenient and well-known methods of constructing carbon-carbon double bonds. The reaction proceeds via the formation of an ylide intermediate. The HWE reaction is particularly useful for the synthesis of compounds with a Z-configuration.

The mechanism for the reaction of diethyl benzylphosphonate and 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde in the presence of aqueous NaOH, forming 3,4-methylenedioxystilbene as the product, can be explained in the following steps:

Step 1: Formation of the ylide intermediate

The reaction starts with the formation of an ylide intermediate. This is achieved by the reaction of diethyl benzylphosphonate and 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde in the presence of a strong base like NaOH or KOH. In this reaction, a deprotonated species called an ylide intermediate is generated.

Step 2: Addition of the ylide intermediate to the aldehyde

The ylide intermediate then attacks the aldehyde, leading to the formation of a betaine intermediate.

Step 3: Formation of the phosphonate ester

The betaine intermediate undergoes elimination to form the final product, 3,4-methylenedioxystilbene, and the by-product phosphonate ester.

The mechanism of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction between diethyl benzylphosphonate and 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde in the presence of aqueous NaOH, forming 3,4-methylenedioxystilbene as the product, is complete. This reaction is significant in organic chemistry and finds applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

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Answer

2.06x 10²⁴ atoms

Procedure

To calculate the atoms in a molecule we will need to multiply the moles by Avogadro's number 6.0221408 x 10²³.

Answer:

4 parts of acid

Explanation:

The partial pressure of gas c can be found by subtracting the sum of the partial pressures of gases a and b from the total pressure of the mixture. In this case, the partial pressure of gas c is:

Partial pressure of gas c = Total pressure - Partial pressure of gas a - Partial pressure of gas b

Partial pressure of gas c = 6.28 atm - 1.89 atm - 3.67 atm

Partial pressure of gas c = 0.72 atm

Therefore, the partial pressure of gas c is 0.72 atm. In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures contributed by each gas component. By subtracting the partial pressures of gases a and b from the total pressure, we can determine the remaining partial pressure, which corresponds to gas c. This calculation is based on Dalton's law of partial pressures, which states that the total pressure of a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of their individual partial pressures.

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Answer:

23 43 45 43

Explanation:

The average body sodium content of an adult male is 92 g, of which half (46 g) is found in the extracellular fluid (ECF) at a concentration of 135–145 mmol/L, 11 g is discovered in the intracellular fluid at a concentration of 10 mmol/L, and 35 g is discovered in the skeleton.

The sodium-potassium pump action moves sodium and potassium, respectively, from within to outside the cell and vice versa against the concentration gradient using the energy provided by ATP. This maintains the concentration gradient between the ECF and intracellular fluid. Sodium enters the polarised cells of the renal tubular epithelium or the intestinal wall through specific channels or other transport mechanisms from the tubular lumen or the gut, and is then extruded from the cell into the neighbouring capillaries due to the action of the pump, which is primarily distributed on the basolateral sides of the cell. Sodium transport in these cells is typically linked to the transport of other substrates, such as phosphates, amino acids, glucose, and galactose.

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The number of atoms in 0. 50 moles of zinc is 3.01 x 10 ²³

The number of atoms in one particular carbon isotope, carbon-12, serves as the basis for the idea of the "mole." A mole of carbon atoms, or 6.02 10²³ carbon atoms, can be found in 12g of carbon-12.

The remaining atoms on the periodic table are identified by their molar masses, which indicate how many grams of each are required to make a mole, or 6.02 x 10 ²³atoms, of that element.

Zinc will have 6.02 x 10²³ if it has 1 mole of zinc. In chemistry, we love to cancel units, therefore we simply do so to address your issue.

The number of atoms in one particular carbon isotope, carbon-12, serves as the basis for the idea of the "mole." A mole of carbon atoms, or 6.02 10 23 carbon atoms, can be found in 12g of carbon-12.

The remaining atoms on the periodic table are identified by their molar masses, which indicate how many grams of each are required to make a mole, or 6.02 10 23 atoms, of that element.

Zinc will have 6.02 x 10 ²³ if it has 1 mole of zinc. In chemistry, we love to cancel units, therefore we simply do so to address your issue.

number of Zinc atoms= 0.50 moles x 6.02 x 10 ²³ = 3.01 x 10 ²³

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Answer: Three samples that can be used to test for poisons are blood samples, hair samples, and gastric contents samples.

Advantages of hair samples area is that it can indicate past exposure to toxins or poisons and also provide information on how long the exposure has been going on. Poisons can sometimes be detected in hair for long periods of time. The advantages of gastric contents samples area is it shows whether the poison was digested or not. An advantage of blood samples is that it’s the most useful toxicological samples. The disadvantage of hair samples is that the results can be tainted by external sources. The disadvantage of gastric content samples is that it doesn’t always show which toxin was digested. The disadvantage of blood samples is if taken near or from the heart it may have artificially high levels of toxins that wouldn’t reflect the amount distributed throughout the body at the time of death.

Explanation:

The three sample we can use to test the poison intaken to the body are blood, urine and saliva. These samples can be used to identify the type o poison but the time of ingestion and toxicity cannot be accurately studied sometimes.

The use of some chemicals or indirect exposure to them sometimes causes poison inside our body. It can be tested using samples such as blood, saliva, urine, hair etc.

Blood is the first specimen that is usually collected to detect the concentration of toxicants in the bloodstream. It does not only help in determining the quantity of poison taken but also in estimating the effects of the poison and the time of death.

Urine also used to test poison inside. However it cannot tell much about the dose of ingestion. Hair samples are primarily used to detect poisons and it greatly helps to find the concentration.

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Answer:

Helium is a noble gas, so it's nonreactive. In contrast, hydrogen is very reactive. It would be dangerous to have explosive balloons.

Taking into account the definition of dilution, a volume of KI solution of 0.125 L of concentration of 3 M would use to make 0.3L of KI solution of 1.25 M.

When it is desired to prepare a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one, it is called dilution.

Dilution is the process of reducing the concentration of solute in solution, which is accomplished by simply adding more solvent to the solution at the same amount of solute.

In a dilution the amount of solute does not change, but as more solvent is added, the concentration of the solute decreases, as the volume (and weight) of the solution increases.

A dilution is mathematically expressed as:

Ci×Vi = Cf×Vf

where

In this case, you know:

Replacing in the definition of dilution:

3 M× Vi= 1.25 M× 0.3 L

Solving:

Vi= (1.25 M× 0.3 L)÷ 3 M

Vi= 0.125 L

In summary, a volume of KI solution of 0.125 L of concentration of 3 M would use to make 0.3L of KI solution of 1.25 M.

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The temperature that must be maintained on 0.500 mole of the gas in order to maintain the pressure is 21.76 °C

From the question given above, the following data were obtained obtained:

Using the ideal gas equation, we can obtain the temperature as follow:

PV = nRT

1.21 × 10 = 0.500 × 0.0821 × T

12.1 = 0.04105 × T

Divide both sides by 0.04105

T = 12.1 / 0.04105

T = 294.76 K

Subtract 273 to obtain answer in °C

T = 294.76 - 273 K

T = 21.76 °C

Thus, the temperature needed is 21.76 °C

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