Rank the following types of microbe in order from easiest to most difficult to kill (or vice versa, if you like):
-Bacterial endospores
-Mycobacteria (acid fast bacteria)
-Fungi
-Gram-positive bacteria
-Gram-negative bacteria
-Enveloped viruses
-Nonenveloped viruses
Answers
From easiest to most difficult to kill, the ranking of microbe types would be as follows: Nonenveloped viruses, Enveloped viruses, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Fungi, Mycobacteria (acid-fast bacteria), Bacterial endospores.
Nonenveloped viruses are generally easier to kill because they lack an outer lipid membrane, which makes them more vulnerable to disinfectants and environmental factors. Enveloped viruses, on the other hand, have a lipid envelope that provides some protection and makes them relatively more resistant.
Among bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria are typically more susceptible to antibiotics and disinfectants compared to Gram-negative bacteria. This is due to differences in their cell wall structure and composition. Fungi, including yeast and molds, can be more resilient and require specific antifungal treatments to eliminate them effectively.
Mycobacteria, including species like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have a unique waxy cell wall that makes them more resistant to many antimicrobial agents. Consequently, they are more difficult to kill and require specialized treatments.
Finally, bacterial endospores, such as those produced by Clostridium and Bacillus species, are the most challenging to kill due to their highly resistant and dormant nature. They can withstand extreme conditions, including heat, radiation, and disinfectants, making them very resilient and difficult to eradicate.
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Related Questions
Protein synthesis occurs as a series of events that begins with DNA in the nucleus and ends with a fully formed and shaped protein molecule. Which of the events in protein
synthesis demonstrates that the expression of genes is a regulated process?
Answer
A An mRNA molecule is transcribed from a section of DNA.
B The mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores.
The mRNA is translated by a ribosome to form a polypeptide strand.
The polypeptide strand is folded into the appropriate shape.
с
Answers
Answer:
A or C
Explanation: I would go with C but I look and the other two are wrong
Which of the following electromagnetic waves is not used for communications?
A. Ultraviolet
B. Infrared
C. Light
D. Radio
Answers
1. What is the approximate dewpoint temperature if the dry bulb temperature is 10° C and the wet-bulb temperature is 8 °C? [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.]
Answers
If the dry bulb temperature is 10°C and the wet bulb temperature is 8°C with a relative humidity of 100%, the approximate dew point temperature would be 8°C.
What is the ratio of the wet bulb temperature to the dew point?Wet bulb temperature is the temperature we obtain from a moistened thermometer bulb that is exposed to air flow, as opposed to dewpoint temperature, which is the temperature to which we need cool the air to saturate the air with water vapour.
As an alternative, we can apply the following equation:
Dew point temperature = ((243.04*(ln(RH/100)+((17.625T)/(243.04+T))))/(17.625-ln(RH/100)-((17.625T)/(243.04+T))))
Dew point temperature = (wet bulb temperature - ((100 - relative humidity)/5))
Using this formula, if the dry bulb temperature is 10°C and the wet-bulb temperature is 8°C
If we assume a relative humidity of 100%, the dew point temperature would be:
Dew point temperature = (8°C - ((100-100)/5))
= 8°C
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Quick Question!
If the diploid number of an organism is 36, how many chromosomes are found in a gamete?
-:-:-
Answers
Answer:
18
Explanation:
gametes only contain one half of a full genome (genetic makeup) so 36/2 is 18
where are the 46 chromosomes found.
Answers
Answer:
The Nucleus!
Explanation:
Have a nice day~
Answer:
Nucleus.
Explanation:
Human chromosomes are located inside the nucleus of the cell. A chromosome is a structure that holds your genes. Your genes determine your traits, such as eye color and blood type. The usual number of chromosomes inside every cell of your body is 46 total chromosomes, or 23 pairs.
Él _________está constituido por agua proteínas fibra hidrógeno y globulinas transporta hormonas metabolitos catabolitos oxígeno y dióxido de carbono
Answers
Answer:
Él el ser humano está compuesto de agua, proteínas, fibra, hidrógeno, y globulinas, lleva hormonas, metabolitos, metabolitos, oxígeno y dióxido de carbono.
Explanation:
Part I Illuminating Photosynthesis #1 : Fill in this concept map depicting the major steps in photosynthesis in the chloroplast H20 of Photosystem I transfers Word Bank Electron Transport Chain ATP Synthase Calvin Cycle Light NADPH Chlorophyll Protons CO2 Photosystem II Electrons 02 to produce ATP G3P (Sugar Building Block) #2 : Fill in the table: Major Steps in Does this step depend on Experimental variable to What would happen if an Photosynthesis any other step? How? measure? herbicide disrupted this Photosystem II Photosystem l ATP Synthase Calvin Cycle
Answers
Photosynthesis in chloroplasts involves major steps such as light absorption, electron transport, ATP synthesis, and carbon fixation. It begins with light-dependent reactions in photosystems I and II, followed by electron transport and ATP synthesis.
Step 1: Photosynthesis is a complex process that occurs in the chloroplasts of plants, involving several major steps such as light absorption, electron transport, ATP synthesis, and carbon fixation.
Step 2:Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts, specifically in three main stages: light-dependent reactions, electron transport chain, and the Calvin cycle.
During the light-dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). In PSII, water molecules are split, releasing electrons, protons (H+ ions), and oxygen. The electrons move through an electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. This gradient is essential for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase, using the energy from the electron flow.
In PSI, electrons are re-energized by absorbing more light energy and are ultimately used to produce NADPH, another energy carrier. The ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions are then used in the Calvin cycle.
The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions or carbon fixation, occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. It uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce glucose (G3P), which serves as a building block for sugars and other organic compounds. The cycle regenerates the starting molecule, ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), allowing the process to continue.
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a volcanic Irruption make a local Island completely devoid of life over the next few years some small lunches began to colonize the remaining rock and soil. what is this an example of?
1. secondary succession
2. climax community
3.primary succession
4. natural selection
Answers
Answer:
Secondary succession
Explanation:
Answer:
Primary succession
Explanation:
is mitochondria required in aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration or both?
Answers
Answer: Cellular respiration can occur both aerobically (using oxygen), or anaerobically (without oxygen). During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the cell.
Explanation: Hope this helps.
. describe the three processes contributing to urine formation and indicate which way the fluids are moving
Answers
Urine is created primarily through three processes: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Only waste and extra water are removed from the body thanks to these procedures.
What procedures make up glomerular filtration?The glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule restores nutrients to your blood and eliminates wastes, in the two-step process by which the nephrons function. Each nephron contains a glomerulus to filter blood and a tubule to return necessary substances to blood while expelling extra waste.
What exactly does reabsorption entail?Reabsorption. Reabsorption is the process by which water and other solutes are returned to the plasma from the tubule. Various amounts of water and specific solutes are reabsorbed over the whole length of the renal tubule.
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why red blood cells are small in size
Answers
Answer:
When there is a lack of hemoglobin in a red blood cell, the cell is smaller in size and can carry less oxygen.
Answer:
When there is a lack of hemoglobin in a red blood cell, the cell is smaller in size and can carry less oxygen.
(d) Based on the data in Table 1 and the biomass of the very large animals eaten by the lions, predict the likely effect on both the lions and leopards if the availability of the very large animals becomes limiting in the reserve. After analyzing the data, the scientists claim that the leopards and lions coexist in the reserve through the use of niche partitioning. Use evidence from the data provided to support the scientists’ claim
Answers
According to the response, 38% of the lions' prey species make up 63% of the biomass they devour, thus if the supply of really large animals becomes limited, the leopards and lions will begin to compete over prey (and this will be especially true of the medium-sized prey).
The answer suggests that, for most part, leopards and lions depend on prey species of various sizes and hence do not compete with one another for food. According to the response, 38% of the lions' prey species make up 63% of the biomass they devour. (The population figures indicate that their populations have stayed comparatively stable over time, indicating that they will be not directly competing with one another.) All the populations of all the various species that coexist in a specific location make up an ecological community.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
A
is an agent that causes disease. All
are pathogens.
Answers
A pathogens(C) is an agent that causes disease. All viruses(C) are pathogens.
What are pathogens?For Part 1, the correct answer is C. Pathogen. A pathogen is an agent that causes disease. All pathogens are infectious agents, but not all infectious agents are pathogens. For example, the common cold is caused by a virus, but the virus is not considered a pathogen because it does not usually cause serious illness.
For Part 2, the correct answer is C. Viruses. Viruses are the smallest and simplest pathogens. They are not cells, and they cannot reproduce on their own. They must infect a host cell in order to replicate.
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Complete question:
Select the correct answer. A __ is an agent that causes disease. All ___ are pathogens.
Part 1
A. Bacteria
B. Germ
C. Pathogen
Part 2
A. Bacteria
B. Fungi
C. Viruses
In what human body systems does this nematode reproduce?
Answers
Describe how water balance is maintained in a mammalian body please help am left with ten minutes
Answers
Answer:
body's water needs, conserving water if the body is dehydrated or making urine more dilute to expel excess water when necessary. ADH is a hormone that helps the body to retain water by increasing water reabsorption by the kidneys.
Explanation:
i hope it helps
The organization of cells into tissues allows for (blank) throughout thw human body.
a)a high level of organization
b)disorganization
c)a lack of specialization
Answers
What is apical meristematic tissue? And its function
Answers
Answer:
Apical meristematic tissue and its function the apical meristem, also known as the “growing tip,” is an undifferentiated meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants. Its main function is to trigger the growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots and forming buds.
I hope my answer will help you,God blessed youWhat is the concern of two organisms filling
the exact same niche in the same
ecosystem?
A. The two organisms will compete.
B. One organism will move to a new niche.
C. Organisms often share niches in symbiosis.
Please help!
Answers
Answer:
A..
hope it is correct dear
Mark me BRAINLIEST ❤️❤️❣️❣️❤️❤️
Answer:
organisms often share nitches in symbiisis
the owl in this diagram is considered to be a
carnivore
scavenger
omnivore
herbivore
Answers
Answer: carnivore
Explanation:
To answer this question, we need to define the given answers and look at what the owl eats via the diagram. Then we will decide what the owl is considered to be.
Here are simple definitions for the given answers:
Carnivore: eats only animals
Scavenger: eats dead organisms
Omnivore: eats both plants and animals
Herbivore: eats only plants
Next, we will look at what the owl eats via the diagram. See attached. The owl eats frogs, snakes, squirrels, rabbits, and mice (these might not be the exact animals, I am assuming based on the picture). All of these are animals that appear to be alive, meaning the owl is a carnivore.
Scientists who study
ocean temperatures
have seen
A. that the ocean is recently becoming colder
B. that the ocean is recently becoming warmer
C. that the ocean temperatures are not changing at all
Copyright ©ang International Academy of Scienes. All Rights Rerved
Answers
Answer:
scientists who study the ocean have seen b the ocean is becoming warmer
A human disease termed cardioencephalomyopathy results from a genetic change in the normal function of mitochondria. Babies who are born with the disease generally die from it. Scientists who study this disease using a bacterium known as Paracoccus denitrificans. Scientists were able to produce the same change in the bacterium’s genes that they found in the mitochondria of their human patients.
What is the BEST explanation for why scientists can use a bacterium to study this human disease?
A
Bacterial genes are very similar in structure to human genes.
B
Bacteria can be used as a model to study more complex cells.
C
The genes and chemical pathways found in bacteria are similar to those in human mitochondria.
D
The eukaryotic cells of humans share many characteristics with bacterial cells, including single stranded DNA.
Answers
but it’s definitely d
The eukaryotic cells of humans share many characteristics with bacterial cells, including single stranded DNA. Thus option D is correct.
what is the structure of DNA ?DNA is referred as deoxy ribo nucleic acid, which is a nucleic acid, with a left handed double helical structure, are the basic unit of every living cell
It carry all genetic material responsible for expression of a character of an living organism; It is made up of nitrogenous base, sugar mainly pentose sugar and phosphate.
Nitrogenous base are purine and pyrimidine such as adenine, guanine, thiamine, cytosine; Adenine can pair with thiamine by two hydrogen bond where as cytosine can pair with guanine by three hydrogen bond.
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Please help now thanks
Answers
Answer:
Reverse
Explanation:
Usually, how i remembered it, was "negative is decreased", but that pretty much means reverse. A negative feedback loop is when the body tries to stop something by making less of something, or reversing it. After that, the body is back into homeostasis.
I hope this helps!
As the concentration of molecules outside a cell increases, more molecules will enter the cell
because
Answers
Of diffusion
Explanation)
Molecules move down a concentration gradient without the need to use energy. This means they move from a high concentration to a low concentration. This occurs across a semi- permeable membrane, like a cell membrane, by simple diffusion.
The solution is isotonic to the cell if the concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell are equal, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane.
What is the difference between the concentration of molecules inside and outside the cell?
At first, there are more molecules concentrated outdoors.Up until the concentrations are the same on both sides, there is a net migration of molecules from the outside to the inside of the cell.Simple diffusion is the movement of tiny, uncharged molecules or molecules that are soluble in lipids into or out of the cell, from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration (they move down their concentration gradient). Particles of a solution will continue to flow over the membrane in both directions even after equilibrium is attained.However, there is no further change in concentration because almost equal quantities of particles flow in each directionWater does not enter or leave a cell if the % concentration is the same both inside and outside.Water will flow into a cell if the percent concentration inside the cell is higher than the percent concentration outside the cell. A solution is said to be hypertonic if it has a higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside a cell. In biology, tonicity refers to a solution's solute concentration in relation to that of another solution on the other side of a cell membrane.To learn more about molecules refer
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What is the difference between a nocturnal and a diurnal animal?
Answers
Answer:
They make animals survive hence developing different mechanisms in order for them to survive at a different biological clock. The main difference between nocturnal and diurnal animals is that nocturnal animals are the animals that are most active during the night time while diurnal animals are animals that are most active during the daytime.
Explanation:
Not trying to be racist but uh....was Jesus actually white?- I WILL GIVE 100 POINTS AND BRAIN LIST TO THE PERSON WHO ANSWERS TRUTHFULLY!
Answers
Answer:
I'm pretty sure Jesus was white. In any paintings that were depicted of him he was a tall, pale, and thin man with light brown, long hair and a beard. I have a plate that hangs in my house on our wall with a picture of him and that is how he looks. And it also determined that he would have most likely looked like a typical Galilean Semite of his day. I believe that there were people of color in the biblical days but it was never proven that Jesus was, so I'm gonna say, no. Jesus is white.
Explanation:
Hope it helps! =D
Answer:
I would say no.
Explanation:
Despite the illustrations and paintings it would have been highly unlikely in the area he was born into to be white. I think the white illustrations may have just came from a prejudiced past when people actually believed race made someone better or worse.
( and no that doesn't mean I think he is black either , in his area it would be more common to just have a darker tone, so think lightskin when I say "Not white".) btw dont give me brainliest , if you cant tell this is the first question ive answered so im clearly not someone who needs it.
glycolysis generates more stored energy than it expends. what is the net number of activated carrier molecules produced in this process (number and type of molecules produced minus the number of those molecules used as input)?
Answers
The net number of activated carrier molecules produced in this process is 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Two ATP molecules supply the necessary energy for the splitting of glucose. Energy is released during glycolysis, and this energy is used to create four molecules of ATP. Thus, during glycolysis, there is a net gain of two ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules are formed at the end of glycolysis.
Where does glycolysis take place?
One 6-carbon glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis in the cytoplasm, where it is oxidized to produce two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules. Pyruvate's fate is determined by whether or not the cells have oxygen.
Therefore, The net number of activated carrier molecules produced in this process is 2 ATP and 2 NADH
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Name the scientists involved in the development of the microscope
Answers
27. Which statement best describes a chromosome?
A) It is a gene that has thousands of different
forms.
B) It has genetic information for traits of an
organism that is contained in DNA.
C) It is a reproductive cell that influences more
than one trait.
D) It contains hundreds of genetically identical
DNA molecules for one trait.
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Chromosomes are structures composed of DNA that, in turn, carry the genes of a living being, responsible for defining the physical characteristics of each individual. Chromosomes are involved in the nucleus of cells that make up a living being.
Only cells that express a puromycin-resistance (PR) gene can grow in the presence of the drug puromycin. Ganciclovir is a nontoxic drug that is converted to a lethal toxin in a cell that expresses thymidine kinase (TK). Thy-1 is a fibroblast-specific marker protein. Which of the following selection strategies is the most reasonable one to use in experiments that attempt to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from fibroblasts (1 point, letter)? Explain your choice (4 points, 2-3 sentences).
Engineering fibroblasts to express PR under the control of the Nanog promoter, and selecting iPS cells in puromycin-containing media
Engineering fibroblasts to express PR under the control of the Thy-1 promoter, and selecting iPS cells in puromycin-containing media
Engineering fibroblasts to express TK under the control of the Nanog promoter, and selecting iPS cells in ganciclovir-containing media
Engineering fibroblasts to express TK under the control of the Thy-1 promoter, and selecting iPS cells in ganciclovir-containing media
Engineering fibroblasts to express TK under the control of the Thy-1 promoter, and selecting iPS cells in puromycin-containing media
Answers
The most reasonable selection strategy to use in experiments that attempt to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from fibroblasts is engineering fibroblasts to express PR under the control of the Nanog promoter, and selecting iPS cells in puromycin-containing media (Option A).
Nanog is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in maintaining pluripotency, and therefore selecting for cells that express PR under the control of the Nanog promoter ensures that only cells with high pluripotency potential will survive in the presence of puromycin. This approach ensures that only cells with pluripotent properties, as indicated by Nanog expression, will survive in the presence of puromycin, while cells expressing fibroblast-specific markers, like Thy-1, will be eliminated.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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the ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host is pathogenicity. T/F?
Answers
True. The ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host is indeed referred to as pathogenicity.
How is pathogenicity defined?Pathogenicity refers to the capability of a biological agent, such as a microorganism or virus, to enter and multiply within a host organism. It is an important characteristic that determines the ability of a pathogen to cause disease.
Pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to invade the host's tissues, evade the immune system, and exploit the host's resources to survive and reproduce. These mechanisms may include factors such as adhesion molecules, toxins, or immune evasion strategies.
Successful pathogens can cause a range of diseases, from mild infections to severe illnesses, depending on their pathogenicity. Understanding the pathogenicity of different agents is crucial for developing strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat infectious diseases.
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