Outline the following research designs that are commonly used when doing research in behavior modification, and explain their benefits and drawbacks:The Reversal-Replication (ABAB) DesignMultiple Baseline Designs (there are three!)Changing Criterion DesignAlternating Treatments (or Multielement) Design
Answers
1. Reversal-Replication (ABAB) Design:
Outline: In this design, a baseline (A) is established, followed by an intervention (B). Then, the intervention is removed, and the behavior is observed (A). Finally, the intervention is reapplied (B).
Benefits: This design allows researchers to observe the effects of an intervention on a target behavior and determine its effectiveness by comparing it with the baseline.
Drawbacks: It may not be suitable for behaviors that cannot be reversed or when removing the intervention could be harmful.
2. Multiple Baseline Designs:
Outline: This design involves establishing multiple baselines for different behaviors, settings, or participants. Interventions are introduced one at a time for each baseline.
Benefits: It helps demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention across different variables and can be used when reversal is not possible.
Drawbacks: It requires more time and resources, as each baseline must be monitored before introducing the intervention.
a) Multiple Baseline Across Behaviors: Baselines are established for different target behaviors in the same individual.
b) Multiple Baseline Across Settings: Baselines are established for the same behavior in different environments or settings.
c) Multiple Baseline Across Subjects: Baselines are established for the same behavior in different participants.
3. Changing Criterion Design:
Outline: A baseline is established, followed by an intervention with a set criterion. The criterion is then systematically altered to shape the target behavior.
Benefits: This design is useful when a gradual change in behavior is desired and can be used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention.
Drawbacks: It may not be suitable for behaviors that require immediate or significant change, and the results may be influenced by extraneous factors.
4. Alternating Treatments (or Multielement) Design:
Outline: In this design, two or more interventions are alternated systematically, allowing researchers to compare their effects on the target behavior.
Benefits: It allows for the simultaneous evaluation of multiple interventions and can help determine the most effective treatment.
Drawbacks: There may be potential carryover effects from one intervention to another, and it may not be suitable for behaviors that require more extended periods of intervention.
In summary, each research design in behavior modification has its benefits and drawbacks, and the choice of design depends on the specific research question and the nature of the target behavior.
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Related Questions
Which statement best describes a characteristic of the Chinese calendar
Answers
Answer: The Lunar-based nature of the Chinese calendar describes it the best.
Explanation: The Chinese calendar, also known as the Yin-Yang calendar, follows the cycle of the moon, with each month corresponding to a complete Lunar cycle. The most significant characteristic of the Chinese calendar is its Lunar-based nature. Unlike the Gregorian calendar which follows a purely solar system, the Chinese calendar combines lunar cycles with solar calculations to determine dates and organize time. This lunar aspect shapes cultural practices and traditional festivities, serving as a fundamental aspect of Chinese cultural heritage and influencing the timing of important events such as Chinese New Year.
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Which has been the most help in breaking the cycle of poverty and disease in botswana? food distributions to the poor programs to fight hiv/aids increased access to housing places for social interaction
Answers
The programs to fight and spread awareness against the diseases like HIV and AIDS have been of most help in breaking the cycle of poverty and chronic diseases in Botswana.
How do the awareness programs against HIV/AIDS help in decreasing poverty in Botswana?Botswana had mostly illiterate and unemployed people who were unaware about the education and the diseases like HIV and AIDS that spread because of the unawareness of the hygiene.
This was one of the reasons behind the poverty of people in the country. To curb the dual-sided issues of wellness and poverty, the government started programs against diseases like HIV and AIDS in the years during the early 21st century.
Its effects were experienced soon, as the rate of poverty lowered in the country as people were able to afford the expenses of limited number of children and spread of diseases were also stopped.
Hence, option B; awareness programs to fight HIV/AIDS helped in breaking the cycle of poverty and spread of disease in Botswana.
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Professor Ford studies cognition. Which of the following mental activities is he NOT likely to be interested in?
a.) remembering
b.) anxiety
c.) communicating information
d.) thinking
Answers
While professor ford may study remembering, communicating information, and thinking as part of his research on cognition, anxiety may be a topic that falls more within the purview of researchers in the field of psychology or psychiatry.
The mental activity that professor ford is likely not to be interested in, based on the field of cognition, is b) anxiety. cognition primarily focuses on the processes of acquiring, processing, storing, and retrieving information in the mind. it involves studying various aspects of thinking, remembering, problem-solving, decision-making, perception, attention, and language.
while anxiety is a psychological state that affects cognition, it falls more within the realm of emotion and mental health rather than cognition itself. although cognition and emotion can interact and influence each other, the study of cognition typically focuses on the cognitive processes themselves rather than emotional states.
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nate typically responds to stress calmly and thoughtfully. chad usually becomes anxious and worried. the reactions of both men indicate that each has a distinctive a. collective unconscious. b. personality. c. reaction formation. d. oedipus complex.
Answers
Nate and Chad have a different response to stress; while Nate typically responds to stress calmly and thoughtfully, Chad usually becomes anxious and worried.Thus, the answer is B. Personality.
The reactions of both men indicate that each has a distinctive personality. The personality is a unique set of characteristic traits, behavior patterns, and temperaments that define how an individual thinks, feels, and behaves. According to psychologists, personality is a combination of biological and environmental factors. Our genes, temperament, life experiences, culture, upbringing, and socialization all play a significant role in shaping our personalities.
These factors combine to form a unique set of traits and patterns of behavior that differentiate one person from another.As such, Chad and Nate's reaction to stress provides insight into their personalities. Chad's anxious and worried disposition is an indication of his anxious personality. In contrast, Nate's calm and thoughtful reaction shows that he has a more laid-back personality. Thus, the answer is B. Personality.
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What was the greatest contribution the Greeks made to Mathematics? Explain.
Answers
Answer:
Influenced initially by the Egyptians, Greek mathematicians would push on to make breakthroughs such as Pythagoras' theory of right-angled triangles and, by focussing on the abstract, bring clarity and precision to age-old mathematical problems.
Explanation:
I hope this helps if not then my apologizes :)
christian attitudes to evil - 8 mark question
Answers
Answer:
God has given people free will. He has shown people how they should obey the Ten Commandments and follow Jesus' life and teaching. It is then up to human beings to decide whether or not to follow God's instructions.
God has a plan for people's lives that they may not always understand. This may include evil and suffering but Christians should trust and have faith in God's plan.
God wants people to follow the example of Jesus and help those who are suffering. God must have a reason for allowing evil and suffering but the reason is beyond human understanding.
Christians also pray for those who suffer and try to help them.
Evil and suffering in this life is a preparation for Heaven. Evil and suffering give people a chance to become better people and improve their souls. They believe that God will reward them in Heaven.
Explanation:
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If a sea exists on Jupiter's moon Europa, it is probably much smaller and shallower than the Earth's ocean.
True /False
Answers
True. If a sea exists on Jupiter's moon Europa, it is expected to be much smaller and shallower than Earth's oceans.
Scientists believe that Europa's subsurface ocean is located beneath a layer of ice, estimated to be several kilometers thick. Due to the moon's smaller size and lower gravitational pull compared to Earth, the internal heating mechanisms that maintain the ocean's existence are less intense. This suggests that Europa's ocean is likely smaller and shallower, possibly extending only a few tens of kilometers beneath the icy crust. However, further exploration and research are necessary to confirm the exact characteristics of Europa's hypothetical ocean.
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what dose a thermos such as the one shown keep hot drinks hot
Answers
Answer: It is double layered and it is designed to keep the hot/cold air in
when you have the drink inside and it is like a vacuum and keeps the air in
Hope this helps!! : )
By Limiting the amount of thermal energy that flows out of the drink
a-pex
The following are considered determinants of demand EXCEPT:
a. Population.
b. Expected future prices.
c. Prices of factors of production.
d. Prices of related goods
Answers
What made American and Soviet hockey teams such arch rivals?
Answers
in contemporary politics, which of the following political positions are more likely to be supported by liberals, and which are likely to be supported by conservatives?
Answers
Political positions more likely to be supported by liberals will be; expansion of federal social services, protection of rights for gays and lesbians, cutting taxes and reducing government spending in contemporary politics.
While the positions to be held by conservatives will be; extensive government intervention in the economy, state-sanctioned expressions of religion.
Politics is all about influence, including who gets what and when and how. Humans have self-interests that are frequently solvable if the government could be convinced to adopt regularly different rules, regulations, or practises. Everyday politics is the practise of involving the general public in such changes.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is;
In contemporary politics, which of the following political positions are more likely to be supported by liberals, and which are likely to be supported by conservatives?
a. expansion of federal social services
b. protection of rights for gays and lesbians
c. extensive government intervention in the economy
d. state-sanctioned expressions of religion
e. cutting taxes and reducing government spending
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Thực hiện phép tính
2³⁴
Answers
Answer:
Perform calculations
2³⁴
Explanation:
i speak the language
(50+ points) URGENT!!!!!
For each of the following concepts, accurately explain it in your own words and answer the following questions. Why is the concept important in human relations and modern life? Why is it specifically important to (you)? How does the concept apply to (your) life, your relationships and/or (your) environment?
Pseudo psychology
Hormones
Selective Attention
Amnesia
Classical Conditioning
Authoritarian Parenting Style
Microaggressions
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Humanistic Theory of Personality
Prejudice and Stereotype
Schizophrenia
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
It's the process of training employees and helping with their needs.
It's the whole point of your life!
You don't have to plan it, you just live it! With friends, family, technology, nature.
Answer:
Explanation:
or each of the following concepts, accurately explain it in your own words and answer the following questions. Why is the concept important in human relations and modern life? Why is it specifically important to (you)? How does the concept apply to (your) life, your relationships and/or (your) environment?
(03.02 MC)
The table below gives the features of a document:
Document A
Written in 1787
Established post offices
Provided for the coinage of money
Which makes a true statement about this document? (4 points)
Group of answer choices
This is a state constitution, which is more detailed than the U.S. Constitution.
This is the U.S. Constitution, which is much simpler that the states' constitutions.
This is the U.S. Constitution, which sets up three branches of government for the states.
This is a state constitution, which sets up three branches of government for the nation.
Answers
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Suppose a researcher is performing an experiment on children. She tests the children on one level of the independent variable at the beginning of the school year, but cannot return to test the second level until mid-April, when the school year is almost completed. What threat to internal validity may be a problem
Answers
Answer:
The answer is "Maturation".
Explanation:
When we develop and evolve, we go thru a process called maturity. There are many different types of maturity, including physical and cognitive. As people age, our bodies expand and change, and it is called physical maturity. Cerebral maturity is the mechanism by which our sufficient detail increases as people mature. The educators should share, discuss, and agree upon their goals for student accomplishment and advancement.
how was the continental navy able to hold its own against britain's royal navy
Answers
France provided the money, troops, armament, military leadership and naval support that tipped the balance of military power in favor of the United States and paved the way for the Continental army's ultimate victory.
Is military life difficult?Uncertainty and disruptions in routine brought on by military life can cause family members to suffer from PTSD, depression, excessive anxiety, and long-term mental health and wellbeing problems. Many wives believe that if their military spouse seeks stress or depression relief, it would negatively impact their chances of promotion.
What age is ideal for military service?The minimum and maximum ages to enlist in the military are extremely broad, ranging from 17 to 39. A younger candidate is frequently preferred by some military organizations and officer training programs, which lower the age requirement. One instance would be the military service academies.
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How did the distruction of bison herds impact Native Americans?
Answers
The Plains Indians were almost totally dependent upon the bison. They were a source of food, shelter, utensils, and clothing and most importantly spiritual strength. The American bison sacrificed its life to keep the American Indian in existence.
Please provide a response to the prompts and feedback to at least two group members - Why are private prices so high in the United States? - How are Medicare prices set for physicians' services? - Should governments be involved in private price negotiations? - Are other countries' governments involved in healthcare pricing?
Answers
Private prices are high in the United States due to the complex healthcare system that involves multiple intermediaries such as insurers, providers, and pharmaceutical companies. Medicare prices for physicians' services are determined through the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS) system, which assigns a relative value to each service. Governments should be involved in private price negotiations to regulate prices and ensure affordability for patients. Other countries' governments are involved in healthcare pricing to a varying degree, with some countries implementing price controls.
The high prices of private healthcare services in the United States are due to the complex healthcare system that involves multiple intermediaries such as insurers, providers, and pharmaceutical companies. These intermediaries often negotiate prices among themselves, resulting in high prices for patients. Medicare prices for physicians' services, on the other hand, are determined through the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS) system. This system assigns a relative value to each service based on factors such as the time, skill, and resources required to perform the service.
Governments should be involved in private price negotiations to regulate prices and ensure affordability for patients. This can be done through the implementation of price controls or negotiations with intermediaries to lower prices. Other countries' governments are involved in healthcare pricing to a varying degree. Some countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, have implemented price controls on pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Others, such as Germany and France, negotiate prices with pharmaceutical companies on behalf of patients.
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The Chinese scholar-official held a position at the very top of society because he had prestige, wealth, and power. Which of the following was an important skill for a scholar-official to have?
A.
He must have the ability to either write music or create art.
B.
He must have the trust and confidence of the people.
C.
He must be able to read and write the Chinese characters.
D.
He must be able to apply the law fairly to everyone.
Answers
Answer:
the answer is c because he is the ruler of chinese
in cities and counties, who is responsible for overseeing the operation of the school system in the locality?
Answers
School Boards are responsible for overseeing the operation of the school system in the locality.
The board of education, often known as the school board, is a branch of local government that creates the direction, objectives, and priorities for a school district as well as the budget, plan, and personnel for its management.
The local school board grew out of the town meeting, dating back to the original 13 Colonies. The role of school boards today is still to reflect the community and its ambitions for its local schools while allowing local citizens to have authority over public education.
Even though studies have shown how crucial local school boards were in implementing educational reforms like student testing and graduation requirements, some detractors have argued that bureaucratic intransigence has compromised the traditional leadership and policymaking responsibilities of local school boards.
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which president is better a. joe biden b. donald trump c. barack obama
Answers
Answer:
In my opinion, it would be Barak Obama.
Explanation:
Donald Trump seems to always cause conflict or controversy during his presidency, and nothing he did during his term really stuck out to me. Joe Biden literally became the president yesterday so we would have to wait and see about that one, so the only thing I have is to choose between Obama and Trump. I don't think Obama was the best president, but he was better than Trump at least.
In a negotiation, it is important to be able to detect when the other party might be lying (or bluffing). Which strategies are effective to discover their lies?
(CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY)
Demanding greater concessions from the other side
Making sure you only tell the truth yourself
Use contingency contracts
Use multiple equivalent simultaneous offers (MESOs)
Make aggressive first offers
Answers
In a negotiation, it is important to be able to detect when the other party might be lying (or bluffing). Effective strategies to discover their lies include:
1. Demanding greater concessions from the other side: This puts pressure on them and may force them to reveal their true intentions.
2. Use contingency contracts: These agreements are based on future events or conditions, which can provide a safety net if the other party is dishonest.
3. Use multiple equivalent simultaneous offers (MESOs): Presenting several offers with similar value can help gauge the other party's preferences and sincerity.
While making sure you only tell the truth yourself is important in building trust, it may not necessarily help you detect lies from the other party. Making aggressive first offers can sometimes lead to a competitive negotiation environment, but it is not a direct strategy for discovering lies.
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drag and drop the terms below so that the equation represents the relationship between flow, blood pressure, and impedance to flow as it is presented in your text.
Answers
The relationship between flow, blood pressure, and impedance to flow can be represented by the following equation: Flow = (Blood pressure / Impedance to flow).
Flow, blood pressure, and impedance to flow are all related. Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of the arteries. Impedance to flow refers to the resistance to blood flow caused by the walls of the blood vessels. Flow is the amount of blood that is flowing through the blood vessels.
Flow is directly proportional to blood pressure and inversely proportional to impedance to flow. This can be expressed mathematically as Flow = (Blood pressure / Impedance to flow).
If blood pressure increases, the flow will increase, assuming impedance to flow remains constant. On the other hand, if impedance to flow increases, the flow will decrease, assuming blood pressure remains constant. The relationship between flow, blood pressure, and impedance to flow is essential to understand the functioning of the cardiovascular system.
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Scientists believe that 250 million years ago ______.
Answers
The End-Permian catastrophe, which happened 250 million years ago, resulted in simultaneous global extinctions of marine and terrestrial species. So scientists thought.
They looked like these 250 million years ago. Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, suggested that the continents were previously joined into a single supercontinent called Pangaea, which means "all of Earth" in Greek. He proposed that Pangaea split long ago and that the continents then shifted to their current locations.
Alfred Wegener was born in Greenland. Plate tectonics is the hypothesis that the land masses on Earth are constantly moving. Alfred Wegener introduced the concept of continental drift, or the movement of Earth's land masses. He is depicted here in Greenland.
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Write a newspaper headline and a short news article describing the event that occurred in the Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Be sure to include information on what, who, when, where, and why.
Answers
On April 9, 1865, near the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. Days earlier, Lee had abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond and the city of Petersburg; his goal was to rally the remnants...On April 9, 1865, near the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. Days earlier, Lee had abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond and the city of Petersburg; his goal was to rally the remnants...On April 9, 1865, near the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant.
The sentences below are things people might say if they were planning to invest or not planning to invest. Sort them
into the correct categories.
"I am thinking about buying stocks."
Planning to Invest
Not Planning to Invest
"I don't know much about investing."
"I can't afford to buy stocks."
"I don't really like to take risks."
"I need a way to manage my money."
"I want to save money for my future."
Answers
Answer:
Investing
"I am thinking about buying stocks.""I need a way to manage my money.""I want to save money for my future."Not Investing
"I don't know much about investing.""I can't afford to buy stocks.""I don't really like to take risks."Explanation:
These are correct because I just finished my class that taught me this.
(Have a great day!)
Which is not one of the state level executive branch officials? Attorney General County Executive Superintendent of Public Instruction Secretary of State Commissioner of Public Lands Lt. Governor
Answers
Answer:
County Executive Superintendent of Public Instruction
Explanation:
In the United States, every state has its Executive Branch which comprises of a Governor (the head of the executive branch and state government) and the other members of the executive branch at the state level are the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, auditors and commissioners.
All these executive members are generally elected directly.
Hence, in this case, the correct answer that does not belong to the executive branch of the state is "County Executive Superintendent of Public Instruction"
On April 26, 1983, Matthew N. Fraser, a student at Bethel High School in Pierce County, Washington, delivered a speech nominating a fellow student for student elective office. Approximately 600 high school students, many of whom were 14-year-olds, attended the assembly. Students were required to attend the assembly or to report to the study hall. The assembly was part of a school-sponsored educational program in self-government. Students who elected not to attend the assembly were required to report to study hall. During the entire speech, Fraser referred to his candidate in terms of an elaborate, graphic, and explicit sexual metaphor.
Two of Fraser's teachers, with whom he discussed the contents of his speech in advance, informed him that the speech was "inappropriate and that he probably should not deliver it," and that his delivery of the speech might have "severe consequences."
During Fraser's delivery of the speech, a school counselor observed the reaction of students to the speech. Some students hooted and yelled; some by gestures graphically simulated the sexual activities pointedly alluded to in respondent's speech. Other students appeared to be bewildered and embarrassed by the speech. One teacher reported that, on the day following the speech, she found it necessary to forgo a portion of the scheduled class lesson in order to discuss the speech with the class.
A Bethel High School disciplinary rule prohibiting the use of obscene language in the school provides:
Conduct which materially and substantially interferes with the educational process is prohibited, including the use of obscene, profane language or gestures.
The morning after the assembly, the Assistant Principal called Fraser into her office and notified him that the school considered his speech to have been a violation of this rule. . . . He was suspended for three days, and . . . removed from the list of candidates for graduation speaker at the school's commencement.
–Opinion of the Court,
Chief Justice Warren Burger
In the resulting case, Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986), the Supreme Court upheld Fraser’s punishment, indicating that there had been no constitutional violation. In doing so, the court stated that there was a "marked distinction” between a political message and the sexual content of Fraser’s speech. The court noted that there appeared to be at least some disruption of the educational process, and that there was an interest in protecting children from that which is obscene and vulgar.
a) Identify the constitutional clause that is common to both Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) and Bethel.
b) Based on the constitutional clause identified in part A, explain why the facts of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District led to a different holding than the holding in Bethel School District v. Fraser.
c) Describe an action that members of the public who disagree with the holding in Bethel School District v. Fraser could take to limit its impact.
Answers
Answer:
A) Both Tinker v. Des Moines and Bethel have freedom of speech/first amendment in common.
B) In Bethel it was ruled that school officials did not violate a student's free speech and due process rights when he was disciplined for making a lewd and vulgar speech at a school assembly. Meanwhile, Tinker v. Des Moines ruled that neither students nor teachers “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.” This means that teachers and students don't lose their freedom of speech while on school grounds. These factors explain why, despite the common constitutional clause, they led to different holdings.
Explanation: Sorry to say but i don't have c answered, this is all i have
Sedimentary rock are
Answers
Answer:
rock that has sediment and particles of other substances
Explanation:
How have the founding documents of the United States and Canada affected each country's ability to deal with its social challenges?
I'll mark you brainliest.
Answers
Answer:
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN; French: Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, ALÉNA) was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada.[3] The NAFTA trade bloc formed one of the largest trade blocs in the world by gross domestic product.
The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. president Ronald Reagan, who made the idea part of his 1980 presidential campaign. After the signing of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the administrations of U.S. president George H. W. Bush, Mexican president Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney agreed to negotiate what became NAFTA. Each submitted the agreement for ratification in their respective capitals in December 1992, but NAFTA faced significant opposition in both the United States and Canada. All three countries ratified NAFTA in 1993 after the addition of two side agreements, the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC).
Passage of NAFTA resulted in the elimination or reduction of barriers to trade and investment between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The effects of the agreement regarding issues such as employment, the environment, and economic growth have been the subject of political disputes. Most economic analyses indicated that NAFTA was beneficial to the North American economies and the average citizen,[4][5][6] but harmed a small minority of workers in industries exposed to trade competition.[7][8] Economists held that withdrawing from NAFTA or renegotiating NAFTA in a way that reestablished trade barriers would have adversely affected the U.S. economy and cost jobs.[9][10][11] However, Mexico would have been much more severely affected by job loss and reduction of economic growth in both the short term and long term.[12]
After U.S. president Donald Trump took office in January 2017, he sought to replace NAFTA with a new agreement, beginning negotiations with Canada and Mexico. In September 2018, the United States, Mexico, and Canada reached an agreement to replace NAFTA with the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), and all three countries had ratified it by March 2020. NAFTA remained in force until USMCA was implemented.[13] In April 2020, Canada and Mexico notified the U.S. that they were ready to implement the agreement.[14] The USMCA took effect on July 1, 2020, replacing NAFTA.
Explanation:
HOPEFULLY THIS ANSWER CAN HELP YOU TO GET CREDIT. HAVE A WONDERFUL DAY.