Lab Report Mutations It’s time to complete your Lab Report. Save the lab to your computer with the correct unit number, lab name, and your name at the end of the file name (e.g., U4_ Lab_Mutations_Alice_Jones.doc). Introduction 1. What was the purpose of the experiment? Type your answer here: 2. How are genes related to organisms’ traits? Type your answer here: Experimental Methods 1. Describe the procedure that you followed to test the paper airplanes. Type your answer here: Data and Observations 1. Record your observations in the data table. Type your answer here: Table 1. Distance Travelled by Paper Airplanes Released from the Same Height Airplane Qualitative distance travelled compared to airplane 1 (greater, shorter, equal) Trial 1 Qualitative distance travelled compared to airplane 1 (greater, shorter, equal) Trial 2 Qualitative distance travelled compared to airplane 1 (greater, shorter, equal) Trial 3 2 3 4 Conclusions 1. What conclusions can you draw about how structural changes to genes (mutations) affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism? Write an evidence-based claim that cites evidence from the results of the paper airplane test as a model. Type your answer here: 2. Which fruit fly wing mutation(s) do you think is/are harmful to the fruit fly’s ability to fly? Explain by comparing the wing structure of the fly with the mutation to the wing structure of a fly without a mutation. Type your answer here:
Answers
1. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate how mutations in genes can affect proteins and the structure and function of organisms.
2. Genes determine an organism's traits through the proteins they produce.
Experimental method 1. The paper airplane test was conducted to observe the effects of structural changes (mutations) on flight distances.
Data and Observations 1. Observations of the paper airplane flight distances were recorded in a data table.
Conclusions 1. Mutations can have harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects on an organism's traits, similar to the varied flight distances observed in the paper airplane test.
2. A mutation causing shorter wings in fruit flies would likely be harmful to their flying ability compared to flies with normal wings.
Structural changes due to mutations can impair an organism's ability to perform vital functions.
Lab Report Mutations
U4_Lab_Mutations_John_Doe.doc
Introduction:
1. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate how structural changes to genes, known as mutations, can affect proteins and potentially result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects on the structure and function of organisms.
2. Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for building proteins. Proteins are essential molecules involved in various cellular processes and are responsible for the expression of traits in organisms.
Genes determine the characteristics and traits of an organism through the proteins they produce.
Experimental Methods:
1. To test the effects of mutations on paper airplanes, the following procedure was followed:
a. Constructed multiple paper airplanes with different structural modifications, representing mutated genes.
b. Released all the airplanes from the same height and observed their flight.
c. Repeated the process for multiple trials to ensure consistency.
Data and Observations:
Table 1. Distance Travelled by Paper Airplanes Released from the Same Height
(Refer to image for table).
Conclusions:
1. Based on the paper airplane test, we can conclude that structural changes to genes (mutations) can have varying effects on proteins and, consequently, the structure and function of organisms.
Just as different paper airplane designs resulted in different flight distances, mutations can lead to harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects on an organism's traits.
This suggests that mutations can impact the efficiency, stability, or functionality of proteins, affecting the overall fitness and survival of an organism.
2. Among the fruit fly wing mutations observed, the wing structure with a shorter length compared to the normal wing structure would likely be harmful to the fly's ability to fly.
A shorter wing would result in reduced surface area and less lift generation, impeding the fly's flight capabilities.
This comparison indicates that mutations leading to structural changes in essential organs or appendages can have detrimental effects on an organism's ability to carry out crucial functions.
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Related Questions
27 The carbon cycle Includes processes that release carbon into the atmosphere and places that
act as carbon reservoirs. The diagram below shows both major processes that release carbon
and major carbon reservoirs.
Carbon output to
atmosphere
Organism respiration
• Fuel combustion
• Cement production
Atmospheric
carbon
Carbon reservoirs
Soils and detritus
Dissolved organic carbon
· Ocean sediments
• Terrestrial blota
• Marine biota
• Buried fossil fuels
• Rocks
Which of these disruptions would cause an excess output in the carbon cycle?
A The destruction of terrestrial blota
B Increases in marine biota
CA reduction in the use of fossil fuels
D A thickening of ocean sediments
A
B
С
D
Answers
Answer: A- the destruction of terrestrial biota
Explanation:
Which of the following is/are true concerning genetic mutations? (Select all that apply.)O Somatic mutations are passed to offspring.O Mutagens and meiosis are two sources of mutation.O All mutations are harmful to the organism's genome.O A single-base insertion is usually more harmful than a single-base point mutation.O Insertions, but not deletions, can change the codon reading frame.O Mutations can be useful to the organism.
Answers
B is the proper response to this query. They always alter the genotype of the organism. A DNA sequence changes as it mutates, regardless of what caused the alteration.
What does it indicate when there are genetic mutations?
Hereditary mutations include conditions include sickle cell disease, hemophilia, and cystic fibrosis. Further mutations may develop on their own at any time over a person's lifetime. They are sometimes referred to as new mutations, sporadic mutations, or spontaneous mutations. A small number of cells are impacted.
What causes genetic alterations?
Mutations can result through viral infection, errors in DNA replication during cell division, and exposure to mutagens. Germline mutations, which occur in eggs and sperm as opposed to somatic mutations, which occur in body cells, can be passed on to offspring.
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What’s wrong in this group Domain
Kingdom
Prokaryotic
Classification
Answers
The group "Prokaryotic" is not a valid taxonomic classification group.
What is Prokaryotic?"Prokaryotic" is a term used to describe organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles in their cells. However, in biological classification, organisms are grouped into domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
The current system of classification recognizes two domains:
Bacteria and Archaea, and a third domain, Eukarya, which includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells (cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles). These domains are further divided into kingdoms based on shared characteristics.
Therefore, a more accurate classification would be:
Domain: Bacteria or Archaea (depending on the group being referred to)Kingdom: (varies depending on the group being referred to)Learn more about Prokaryotic here: https://brainly.com/question/25774476
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please answer these 2 questions for the first one select all the right answers and define if they’re a autotroph or a heterotroph
Answers
Based on the provided data, we can determine the most likely ecological roles of the organisms regarding their mode of nutrition (autotroph or heterotroph) as follows:
Organism V: Autotroph. It is multicellular, indicating a complex structure that can support photosynthetic processes.
Organism W: Heterotroph. It is multicellular and lacks chloroplasts, suggesting it does not possess the ability to perform photosynthesis.
Organism X: Autotroph. It lacks multicellularity but has chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis in autotrophs.
Organism Y: Heterotroph. It is multicellular, lacks chloroplasts, and does not possess cilia, suggesting it relies on external food sources.
Organism Z: Heterotroph. It lacks multicellularity, does not have chloroplasts, and has a cell wall. These characteristics indicate a heterotrophic nature.
Model F is the best model for prokaryotic cell
Description of the best model of a prokaryotic cell: Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA, Nucleoid, Ribosomes, Cell Wall, Flagella, Fimbriae.
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Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource? a. hydropower b. biomass c. geothermal power d. coal please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answers
Answer:
Coal
Explanation:
Coal is classified as a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form.
8. A scientists is studying a normal tissue and a cancerous tissue sample. What method might she use to determine whether the transcription of gene X is upregulated in the cancerous tissue sample
Answers
To determine whether the transcription of gene X is upregulated in the cancerous tissue sample as compared to the normal tissue, the scientist can use the method of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
This technique can quantify the amount of RNA transcript of the gene of interest in each sample. It involves reverse transcription, where RNA is reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA), followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA using gene-specific primers and a fluorescent probe. The fluorescence intensity is proportional to the amount of cDNA produced during the PCR. The threshold cycle (Ct) value is calculated by detecting the cycle number at which the fluorescence intensity crosses a certain threshold value. The Ct value is inversely proportional to the amount of RNA in the sample. By comparing the Ct values of gene X in the normal and cancerous tissue samples, the scientist can determine whether the gene is upregulated in the cancerous tissue. If the Ct value of the gene in the cancerous tissue is lower than that in the normal tissue, it indicates that the gene is upregulated.
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Regulating the manufacture of
is the function of RNA.
protein
cells
energy
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is option A, that is, proteins. RNA functions to transform the directions found in messenger RNA into the chain of amino acids, which forms the proteins. Thus, the ribosome is accountable for the production of proteins.
HOPE IT HELPS : D
Explanation:
The messenger RNA codes for six different amino acids are shown in
the table.
In on type of mutated gene for hemoglobin, CTC in the DNA code was
replaced by CAC. What amino acid substitution has taken place in the
mutated hemoglobin?
Select one:
a. Valine has replaced glutamic acid.
b. Cysteine has replaced glutamic acid.
c. Serine has replaced leucine.
d. Arginine has replaced leucine.
Answers
Answer:
A. Valine has replaced glutamic acid
Explanation:
hope this helps:)
examine the evolutionary diagram below. what does the diagram imply about the peafowl and field mouse? a. they are unrelated. b. they share a recent common ancestor. c. they share a remote common ancestor. d. they did not evolve from older forms of life.
Answers
The diagram implies that the peafowl and field mouse share a recent common ancestor. Option B is the correct answer.
The diagram suggests that both the peafowl and the field mouse have evolved from a common ancestor. The presence of a common ancestor indicates that they share a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness. However, without further information or a specific diagram to analyze, it's difficult to determine the exact nature of their relationship or how recent or remote their common ancestor might be.
In any case, it is clear that the peafowl and the field mouse are not unrelated (option A) and that they did evolve from older forms of life (option D).
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The question is -
Examine the evolutionary diagram below. what does the diagram imply about the peafowl and field mouse?
a. they are unrelated.
b. they share a recent common ancestor.
c. they share a remote common ancestor.
d. they did not evolve from older forms of life.
when someone’s immune system overreacts to something harmless it’s called
Answers
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called.
Answers
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids.
Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They play essential roles in the structure and function of cells, serving as energy storage molecules, components of cell membranes, and signaling molecules.The basic building block of most lipids is glycerol, a three-carbon alcohol molecule. Glycerol combines with fatty acids through a process called esterification to form different types of lipids.Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end. When a fatty acid molecule reacts with glycerol, the carboxyl group of the fatty acid undergoes a condensation reaction with one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol, resulting in the formation of an ester bond. This process can be repeated with two more fatty acid molecules, attaching them to the remaining hydroxyl groups of glycerol, forming a triglyceride. Other types of lipids, such as phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol esters, can also be formed by combining glycerol with fatty acids or other compounds. The specific combinations and arrangements of fatty acids with glycerol give rise to the wide variety of lipids found in living organisms.
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Which answer best describes the evergreens and herbs of the Chaparral biome?
A)
They are rich in oil which promotes fire movement through the biome.
B)
They are rich in food sources for large birds of prey.
C)
The large deciduous trees provide habitat for birds of prey.
D)
They are usually poisenous to humans.
E)
They can not adapt during drought conditions.
Answers
Answer:
A) They are rich in oil which promotes fire movement through the biome.Explanation:
this should be the answer
Answer:
A) They are rich in oil which promotes fire movement through the biome.
Explanation:
3. What is an adaptive trait?
Answers
Answer:
A trait is an aspect of the whole or of a certain portion of the developmental pattern of the organism. An adaptive trait is, then, an aspect of the developmental pattern which facilitates the survival and/or reproduction of its carrier in a certain succession of environments.
Explanation:
A carbohydrate is broken down into smaller sugars, this is an example of what type of energy?
A.chemical
B.mechanical
C.sound
D.nuclear
Answers
Chemical energy
When scientists analyzed drilling samples from the Glomar Challenger study, which discovery did they make about rocks in relation to a mid-ocean ridge?
ANSWER: A
Answers
Answer:
When scientists studied patterns in the rocks of the ocean floor, they found more ... Making Models What characteristic of the ocean floor did you observe as you swept ... recorded the magnetic memory of rocks on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge. ... The Glomar Challenger, a drilling ship built in 1968, gathered the samples.
Explanation:
Glomar Challenger: Drillship of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. It was on June 24, 1966, that the Prime Contract between the ... One of the most important discoveries was made during Leg 3. ... After analysis of samples, scientists concluded that the ocean floor is probably no older than 200 million years.
Answer:
the answer is a i just took the test i got it on edge
Explanation:
The most common site of implantation is which part of the uterus
Answers
When the embryo reaches the stage of blastocyst, it will be implanted in the uterus lining called endometrium, more specifically in the upper and posterior wall.
The double bond between a carbon atom and two oxygen atoms (a molecule of carbon dioxide) has two characteristics.
What are they?
A. An ionic bond is formed between the oxygen and carbon atoms.
B. Four valence electrons are shared.
C. Two valence electrons are shared.
D. Valence electrons are shared between oxygen atoms
Answers
C and D. Two valence electrons are shared and valence electrons are shared between oxygen atoms.
A double bond between a carbon atom and two oxygen atoms (a molecule of carbon dioxide) is a covalent bond, not an ionic bond. In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons in order to fill their valence electron shells and achieve stability. In the case of a double bond between a carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, the carbon atom shares two valence electrons with each oxygen atom. This results in each oxygen atom having a full valence electron shell, and the carbon atom having four electrons in its valence shell. The sharing of these electrons creates a stable molecule of CO2.
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When a blood film is viewed through the microscope, the RBCs appear redder than normal, the neutrophils are barely visible, and the eosinophils are bright orange. What is the most likely cause
Answers
The abnormal appearance of RBCs, barely visible neutrophils, and bright orange eosinophils on a blood film viewed through a microscope is most likely due to staining artifacts or improper preparation techniques.
When examining a blood film under a microscope, the appearance of RBCs, neutrophils, and eosinophils can provide valuable information about various conditions. In this case, the redder appearance of RBCs suggests staining artifacts or issues with the preparation of the blood film. Improper fixation or staining techniques can lead to altered coloration, causing the RBCs to appear redder than normal.
The barely visible neutrophils may be a result of inadequate staining or underfixation of the blood film. Neutrophils are typically stained with a neutral or slightly basic dye, such as Wright's stain, which allows them to be easily identified. If the staining process is incomplete or the film is not properly fixed, the neutrophils may not take up the stain effectively, resulting in their diminished visibility.
The bright orange appearance of eosinophils suggests an excessive eosinophil stain uptake. Eosinophils are normally stained with acidic dyes, such as eosin, which imparts a pink to orange color. If the eosinophil stain concentration is too high or the staining process is prolonged, the eosinophils can appear excessively orange.
In conclusion, the abnormal appearance of RBCs, barely visible neutrophils, and bright orange eosinophils observed on the blood film through the microscope are likely due to staining artifacts or errors in the preparation techniques. To obtain accurate and reliable results, proper staining protocols and techniques should be followed, ensuring optimal fixation and appropriate staining concentrations.
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1. Describe how chemiosmosis drives ATP production.
Answers
Chemiosmosis is a process that uses a proton gradient to produce ATP. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane during aerobic respiration and in the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis.
The process starts with the electron transport chain (ETC) which is a series of membrane-bound protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors, generating a proton gradient across the membrane. The protons are pumped across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. This creates an electrochemical gradient, with a positive charge in the intermembrane space and a negative charge in the matrix.
The electrochemical gradient drives the movement of protons back across the membrane through ATP synthase, a complex enzyme that is embedded in the membrane. The movement of protons through ATP synthase causes a conformational change in the enzyme that converts ADP to ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation and it produces a large amount of ATP.
The process of chemiosmosis is essential for the production of ATP in cells. It allows cells to produce a large amount of ATP efficiently, by using the energy from the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient, which is then used to drive ATP synthesis.
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Chromosomes
line up in the
middle with the
help of centrioles
and their spindle
fibers
Answers
Animals develop many types of defenses to avoid being eaten. Camouflage is just one type of defense. What are other types of defenses that prey species might use?
Answers
Answer:
For instance, prey species have defense adaptations that help them escape predation. These defenses may be mechanical, chemical, physical, or behavioral.
Explanation:
Other types of defense animals can develop are mechanical and chemical defences.
Types of defense mechanism.Defence mechanism are used by various animals to better adapt to their environment and escape from their predators.
The types of defense mechanism include:
Mechanical defences: such as the presence of thorns on plants or the hard shell on turtles, physically prevents the predator from being able to eat the prey.Chemical defenses: Some animals such as the millipede makes a noxious substance that irritates eyes and skin.Physical defences: A typical example is camouflage, which is the ability of organisms to disguise their appearance in order to blend in with their surroundings.Therefore, other types of defenses are mechanical and chemical defences.
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why do some leaves decompose faster than others?
Answers
Answer:
Over time, decaying leaves release carbon back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In general, the scientists found that plant composition determines the range of rates, and that as temperatures increase, all plant matter decays faster.
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32) Animal development is directed by A) cell receptors that detect transcription factors. B) the availability of certain "key" nutrients as cells divide. C) signal transduction pathways. D) cell-to-cell signaling. E) cell-to-cell signaling and signal transduction pathways.
Answers
Answer:
e) cell-to-cell signaling and signal transduction pathways.
Choose three elements found in soil that are necessary in relatively small (trace) quantities for plant growth.
arsenic
arsenic
phosphorus
phosphorus
nitrogen
nitrogen
potassium
potassium
iron
iron
hydrogen
hydrogen
zinc
zinc
copper
Answers
Plants require several minerals in varying concentrations for their growth, which they obtain from the soil. Those elements that are required in small (trace) quantities known as micronutrients include iron, zinc and copper.
Iron, copper and zinc are present in complex with proteins, including regulatory proteins and those involved in the electron transport chain.
Iron (Fe) is essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll and its deficiency causes chlorosis. Iron helps in maintaining the structure of chloroplasts and its function. It is present as a component of cytochromes.
Copper (Cu) is present as an activator of certain enzymes and its deficiency causes of browning of leaves and chlorosis. It is also involved in plant respiration and metabolism.
Zinc (Zn) is essential for the synthesis of the plant hormone auxin and thus, its deficiency causes shortening of the internodes in stems and stunted growth of leaves.
Thus, the correct answer is iron, copper and zinc.
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Is “if it is cloudy, then it will rain” a hypothesis or prediction?
Answers
what is Amber made up of?
Answers
Answer:
Amber, which is in fact a fossil, is often held in the same class as semi-precious stones such as turquoise and jade because of its ornamental uses. Unlike these stones, amber is not mineralized. Rather, it is simply the fossil of resin. Most that exists today is between 30 and 90 million years old. derived from the resin of extinct species of trees.
Explanation:
neuroglia found in the cns that bind axons and blood vessels to each other are called ________.
Answers
The neuroglia found in the central nervous system (CNS) that bind axons and blood vessels to each other are called astrocytes.
Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that play important supportive roles in the CNS. They have numerous processes that extend and wrap around axons, providing structural support and promoting the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
Astrocytes also regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between neurons and blood vessels, contribute to the maintenance of extracellular ion concentrations, and participate in synaptic function.
Overall, astrocytes are critical for the proper functioning and integrity of the CNS.
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Which statement describes gravity?
O There is no defined unit of measurement for gravity.
O Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward Earth's center.
Objects that have a small mass will have no gravitational pull.
O Gravitational pull between two objects decreases as the mass of one increases.
Answers
Hydrothermal vents that support biological communities exist because of primary productivity in the form of chemosynthesis. (True or False)
Answers
This statement, Hydrothermal vents support biological communities due to primary productivity in the form of chemosynthesis, which allows organisms to generate energy and synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances, using chemical reactions instead of sunlight as the energy source is true.
Hydrothermal vents support biological communities because of the primary productivity in the form of chemosynthesis, which is the process by which organisms use energy from chemical reactions to produce food. These vents provide a unique environment where certain bacteria and archaea can use chemicals like hydrogen sulfide to produce organic matter, which in turn supports a food chain that includes other organisms like tube worms, crabs, and fish.
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Flag questionTransfer RNAs (tRNA) are produced through transcriptionof tRNA "genes" (DNA).It is of course essential that the tRNAs produced havecorrect ribonucleotide sequences so that (i) they arerecognised by the correct aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and(ii) they have an anticodon that matches them to thecorrect mRNA codon during translation.ESTSAssume the DNA encoding one of the tRNAs for the aminoacid tryptophan has been mutated and instead of itsanticodon sequence reading 5'-CCA-3' (correct), it nowreads 5'-TCA-3' (incorrect).What will be the effect on protein synthesis? Explainbriefly.TEEK 11CEK 11
Answers
It would depend on whether the modified codon code for the same amino acid or not. If it does not code for the same amino acid, then the protein would be different, and in some cases, it can cause a problem with its function, mostly if this modification is found on the interaction site of the protein with other components.