The given circuit that can be used to obtain a DC voltage from a DC input voltage that is lower than the required output voltage.
(a) The DC model for the boost converter can be represented as:
Buck-Boost Converter is the circuit that can be used to obtain a DC voltage from a DC input voltage that is either higher or lower than the required output voltage.
(b) Determination of duty cycle using Secant Method:
To find the duty cycle for a given DC-DC converter, the following method is used:
Start by guessing a value for the duty cycle then Determine the corresponding steady-state value for the output voltage.
To Compute the corresponding value for the output voltage by performing a simulation.
To Calculate the difference between the calculated value and the steady-state value of the output voltage.
To verify using the LTSPICE simulator, use the parameters: 500 V DC source, 400 V output voltage, and 10 A load.
(c) Comparison of the efficiencies of the two approaches:
The efficiency of the DC-DC converter is defined as the ratio of the output power to the input power. To verify the LTSPICE simulator, calculate the efficiency of each approach using the input and output voltages, and the input and output currents, for each approach. Then, compare the efficiencies of the two approaches.
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intersections that have traffic signs or signals are called: signal stops non-traditional intersections uncontrolled intersections controlled intersections submit answer
Intersections that have traffic signs or signals are called uncontrolled intersections.
What is signals?
Signals are forms of communication used by living organisms and machines. They are the means by which messages are exchanged between two or more entities. Signals can be visual, auditory, chemical, electrical, and mechanical. They are used to convey information, instructions, and other data. In the context of computing, signals are the messages a computer sends and receives from external sources. Signals can be used to control the flow of data, detect errors, and initiate events. Signals can be used to send information from one unit to another, or from one system to another. Signals can also be used to control the operation of a system or device, or to alert an operator of an error or malfunction. Signals are an important part of communication and are used to transmit data, instructions, and other information between machines and living beings.
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If the total length of a measurement is 10 1/2" what is half of this length?
Answer:
13.335 CM (1 ft, 1.335 cm)
I am 80% sure this is the answer, but i am not too keen on math so if i am wrong let me know and i will try my best to fix it!
I hope this helped! Have a good day :]
In order for a BJT amplifier to process ac signals, the dc bias circuit must keep the BJT in the _____________ region. saturation cutoff active triode
In order for a BJT amplifier to process ac signals, the dc bias circuit must keep the BJT in the active region.
The operating point or bias point of a BJT amplifier determines the dc voltage and current conditions at which the transistor operates. The dc bias circuit is responsible for setting the appropriate bias point to keep the transistor in the desired region for amplifying ac signals.
The three main regions of operation for a BJT are saturation, cutoff, and active. In the saturation region, the transistor is fully turned on, allowing a maximum current flow. In the cutoff region, the transistor is fully turned off, and no current flows. The active region is the region where the BJT operates as an amplifier.
For processing ac signals, the BJT amplifier needs to operate in the active region. In this region, the transistor is biased such that it remains partially turned on, allowing small variations in the input signal to be amplified. The dc bias circuit ensures that the transistor remains in the active region even with changes in temperature and component variations.
To process ac signals effectively, a BJT amplifier needs to operate in the active region. The dc bias circuit plays a crucial role in maintaining the transistor's operating point in the active region, allowing it to amplify small variations in the input signal accurately. By providing the appropriate biasing conditions, the dc bias circuit ensures that the BJT amplifier functions optimally for amplifying ac signals.
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Literature Review Discuss the importance of lubrication in rolling-contact and journal bearings. Comment on the desired physical and chemical characteristics of lubrication in bearings for the following applications: Automatic Transmission of a Car Engine components Marine, or off-shore Applications
Rolling-contact and journal bearings are widely used in mechanical systems for efficient and safe operations. The importance of lubrication in these bearings cannot be overstated, as it reduces friction between the surfaces and minimizes wear and tear. This ensures that the bearings function optimally.
A literature review is a comprehensive analysis of literature or research publications that relate to a specific topic or question. In this case, we are reviewing published research and literature on the importance of lubrication in rolling-contact and journal bearings.
Lubrication plays a crucial role in the functioning of rolling-contact and journal bearings. Some of the essential functions of lubrication include reducing friction between surfaces in contact, minimizing heat generated by friction and reducing the chances of overheating, providing a layer of protection against corrosion and rust, and acting as a coolant for bearings that generate a lot of heat.
Bearing lubricants should have specific physical and chemical characteristics depending on the application. For instance, transmission fluids should have a high viscosity to provide the necessary lubrication and protect the gears from wear and tear. They should also have excellent thermal stability to perform effectively at high temperatures and prevent the formation of sludge and other deposits.
Engine oils should have excellent anti-wear additives that reduce wear and tear on engine components. They should also have good detergency to keep the engine clean and prevent the formation of deposits. Additionally, they should have low volatility to prevent excessive oil consumption and reduce emissions.
For marine or offshore applications, lubricants should have good water separation properties to prevent the formation of rust and other deposits. They should also have good rust protection properties and be biodegradable to minimize the impact on the environment.
In summary, lubrication is vital for the efficient and safe functioning of rolling-contact and journal bearings. Lubricants should have specific characteristics depending on the application, and a literature review can provide valuable insights into the importance of lubrication in these bearings.
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Steam at 4 MPa and 350°C is expanded in an adiabatic turbine to 125kPa. What is the isentropic efficiency (percent) of this turbine if the steam is exhausted as a saturated vapor?
Answer:
\(\eta_{turbine} = 0.603 = 60.3\%\)
Explanation:
First, we will find actual properties at given inlet and outlet states by the use of steam tables:
AT INLET:
At 4MPa and 350°C, from the superheated table:
h₁ = 3093.3 KJ/kg
s₁ = 6.5843 KJ/kg.K
AT OUTLET:
At P₂ = 125 KPa and steam is saturated in vapor state:
h₂ = \(h_{g\ at\ 125KPa}\) = 2684.9 KJ/kg
Now, for the isentropic enthalpy, we have:
P₂ = 125 KPa and s₂ = s₁ = 6.5843 KJ/kg.K
Since s₂ is less than \(s_g\) and greater than \(s_f\) at 125 KPa. Therefore, the steam is in a saturated mixture state. So:
\(x = \frac{s_2-s_f}{s_{fg}} \\\\x = \frac{6.5843\ KJ/kg.K - 1.3741\ KJ/kg.K}{5.91\ KJ/kg.K}\\\\x = 0.88\)
Now, we will find \(h_{2s}\)(enthalpy at the outlet for the isentropic process):
\(h_{2s} = h_{f\ at\ 125KPa}+xh_{fg\ at\ 125KPa}\\\\h_{2s} = 444.36\ KJ/kg + (0.88)(2240.6\ KJ/kg)\\h_{2s} = 2416.088\ KJ/kg\)
Now, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine can be given as follows:
\(\eta_{turbine} = \frac{h_1-h_2}{h_1-h_{2s}}\\\\\eta_{turbine} = \frac{3093.3\ KJ/kg-2684.9\ KJ/kg}{3093.3\ KJ/kg-2416.088\ KJ/kg}\\\\\eta_{turbine} = \frac{408.4\ KJ/kg}{677.212\ KJ/kg}\\\\\eta_{turbine} = 0.603 = 60.3\%\)
this is the electromagnetic coil what is it used for to generat the magnetic field to contrll the nmr instrument
An electromagnetic coil is used in various applications, including generating a magnetic field and controlling NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) instruments.
In the context of NMR instruments, an electromagnetic coil is an essential component. NMR is a technique used to study the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei in molecules. The sample to be analyzed is placed in a strong and uniform magnetic field created by the electromagnetic coil.
The coil generates the magnetic field required for the NMR experiment. By passing an electric current through the coil, a magnetic field is induced around it. The strength and configuration of the coil determine the characteristics of the magnetic field, such as its strength, direction, and uniformity.
In NMR instruments, precise control of the magnetic field is crucial for obtaining accurate and reliable results. The electromagnetic coil allows for adjustments in the magnetic field strength and spatial homogeneity, enabling the manipulation and detection of nuclear spins in the sample, which is essential for NMR spectroscopy and imaging applications.
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Please explain the term ‘causal link’. What is the importance of the causal link
in work accidents? What kind of situations breaks the causal link? Explain all
situations with examples.
Answer:
:)
Explanation:
The correlation between a factor and an outcome could be a coincidence, or it could be caused by a completely different factor. For example, as ice cream sales increase, sales of meat for barbecues also increase.
Greek engineers had the unenviable task of moving largecolumns from the quarries to the city.One engineer,Chersiphron, tried several different techniques to do this. Onemethodwas to cut pivot holes into the ends of the stone andthen use oxen to pull the column. The 5-ft diameter columnweighs 14,000 lbs, andthe team of oxen generates a constantpull force of 2,000 lbs on the center of the cylinder,G. Knowingthat the column starts from rest and rolls without slipping,determine:(a) the velocity of its center,G,after it has moved7ft,and (b) the minimum static coefficient of friction that will keepit from slipping.
Answer:
yea
Explanation:
okkudjeheud email and delete the electronic version of this communication
Technician A says that tailor-rolled parts may be used for collision energy managements.
Technician B says that tailor-welded parts are aluminum and steel parts joined together. Who is right?
A Only
B only
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
The Green family has measured all the inputs and outputs of material goods to
their household. They found that in an average week, they purchased 50 kg of
consumer goods. Of this amount, 50% is consumed as food. Half of the food
consumed is used for energy and is released as CO2 and the remainder is
discharged to the sewer system. The Greens recycle 25% of the solid waste that is
generated. Approximately 1 kg accumulated in the house (Yikes!!). Estimate the
amount (kg) of solid waste they place in each the trash bin and the recycling bin
each week
The 255.5 kg/year waste is recycled per year. The percentage is also called the indicating hundredths. Thus, 2% is two-hundredth, which means 2%=2/100=0.02.
What is the percentage?The percentage is defined as a given amount in every hundred. It is a fraction with 100 as the denominator percentage is represented by the one symbol %.
The percentage is also called the indicating hundredths. Thus, 2% is two-hundredth, which means 2%=2/100=0.02. The percentage is just like the amount of that value but between 1 to 100 and it is very useful to predict for example if you say 678 then we have to know about the full number also but if you say 80% then it becomes clear.
Therefore, The 255.5 kg/year waste is recycled per year. The percentage is also called the indicating hundredths. Thus, 2% is two-hundredth, which means 2%=2/100=0.02.
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Example 1.3 An electric circuit is supplied by a voltage represented by the expression v = 240 sin (471,239t) V. Calculate the following: a) The frequency of the supply voltage. the voltage
Answer: 75,000 Hz
Explanation:
To calculate the frequency of the supply voltage, we need to use the formula:
frequency = 1 / time period
where the time period is the time it takes for one complete cycle of the waveform. For a sine wave, the time period is given by:
time period = 2π / angular frequency
where the angular frequency is the rate of change of the angle with respect to time and is given by:
angular frequency = 2π × frequency
Comparing the given voltage expression v = 240 sin (471,239t) V to the general form of a sine wave:
v = Vm sin(ωt + θ)
where Vm is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency, t is time, and θ is the phase angle, we can see that the amplitude is 240 V, the angular frequency is 471,239 rad/s, and there is no phase angle (θ = 0).
Using the formula for angular frequency, we can find the frequency:
angular frequency = 2π × frequency
471,239 = 2π × frequency
frequency = 471,239 / (2π) ≈ 75,000 Hz
Therefore, the frequency of the supply voltage is approximately 75,000 Hz.
Hope this helps, :^)
QUESTION 4
D
Which of the four strokes of a four-cycle internal combustion engine is the shortest in crankshaft duration?
O A.Power
O b.Exhaust
O c. Intake
O d. Compression
Answer:
The answer will be B i hope this helps
Why is it nearly impossible to obtain satisfactory performance from a shunt motor connected to an ac power source
Answer:
Because the shunt winding consist of a large number of turns,
Explanation:
It is nearly impossible to obtain satisfactory performance from a shunt motor connected to an ac power source because the shunt winding consist of a large number of turns, due to the high number of turns that the DC shunt motor has it develops a high impedance when connected to an ac power source. and due to this high impedance the amount of current that flows through the field will be very low making it nearly impossible for the shunt motor to operate properly
Implement the following Matlab code:
x=zeros(10,128);
t1=[0:1/128:1-1/128];
z=cos(2*pi*2*t1);
x(1,:)=z;
x=reshape(x,1,1280);
figure(1);
plot(x)
Examine Figure 1 – what does it “look like”? Zoom in. Take the FFT of x and explain what you see.
Manipulate the FFT and perform the IFFT to create a signal which is a continuous (i.e. no interpolating zeroes) sinusoid in the “time” domain. Explain the amplitude of the sinusoid.
The amplitude of the sinusoid is 28384 *x soít cos.
What is amplitude?Amplitude is defined as the greatest deviation from equilibrium of a point on a vibrating body or wave in terms of displacement or distance traveled. In most cases, amplitude is calculated by looking at a wave graph and determining the height of the wave from rest. The strength or intensity of the wave is gauged by its amplitude.
Sinusoid is defined as a signal with sine wave characteristics. In the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, sinusoids and irregular tubules transport blood in place of venules and capillaries. The sine or cosine functions from trigonometry form the foundation of sinusoidal signals, which are periodic functions.
Thus the amplitude of the sinusoid is 28384 *x soít cos.
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Tech A says that speed density systems use vehicle speed and fuel density to determine injector pulse width. Tech B says that mass airflow systems use a sensor to measure the mass of the air entering the engine. Who is correct?
The person that is correct based on the 2 statements from Tech A and Tech B is; Tech B
A mass flow sensor is defined as a sensor that is used to measure the mass flow rate of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion engine and then sends a voltage that represents the airflow to the electronic control circuit.
However, for Tech A is incorrect and so the correct answer is that Tech B is right because his statement corresponds with the definition of mass flow sensor.
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Answer:
Tech B is correct.
Explanation:
A mass flow sensor is basically sensor that checks the mass flow rate (hence the name) and then produces an electrical signal that copies the airflow going to the electronic control circuit. Smart technology, eh?
You don't have to give me brainliest, but I would greatly appreciate it! Thanks mate!
Which best describes the difference between general and job overhead costs?
O General overhead costs that are incurred regardless of whether a project is being executed. These are the costs associated with operating the construction company. Conversely, job overhead is the administrative costs directly associated with the execution of a specific project
O General overhead costs that are incurred after a project is being executed, job overhead is the administrative costs directly associated with the execution of a specific project. These are the costs associated with operating the construction company
O General overhead costs that are incurred regardless of whether a project is being executed. These are the costs associated with operating the owner new facility. Conversely, job overhead is the administrative costs directly associated with the execution of a specific project
O None of these
The statement that best describes the difference between general and job overhead costs is as follows:
General overhead costs that are incurred regardless of whether a project is being executed. These are the costs associated with operating the construction company. Conversely, job overhead is the administrative costs directly associated with the execution of a specific project.Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
What is Overhead cost?Overhead costs may be defined as those that are not directly related to the production of goods or services but are necessary for the operation of a business. Examples of overhead costs include rent, utilities, insurance, legal fees, office supplies, advertising, payroll, and accounting fees.
General cost is the monetary value of goods and services that producers and consumers purchase. Cost is the measure of the alternative opportunities foregone in the choice of one good or activity over others. This fundamental cost is usually referred to as opportunity cost.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is A.
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1. A team of students have designed a battery-powered cooler, which promises to keep beverages at a high-drinkability temperature of 36°F while outside is 100°F. If the insulation leaks heat at a rate of 100 Btu/h, calculate the minimum electrical power required, in Watts. If we use USB-charged 5 V batteries, what is the minimum battery size needed, in Amp-hours, if the cooler is supposed to work for 4 hours?
Answer:
Minimum electrical power required = 3.784 Watts
Minimum battery size needed = 3.03 Amp-hr
Explanation:
Temperature of the beverages, \(T_L = 36^0 F = 275.372 K\)
Outside temperature, \(T_H = 100^0F = 310.928 K\)
rate of insulation, \(Q = 100 Btu/h\)
To get the minimum electrical power required, use the relation below:
\(\frac{T_L}{T_H - T_L} = \frac{Q}{W} \\W = \frac{Q(T_H - T_L)}{T_L}\\W = \frac{100(310.928 - 275.372)}{275.372}\\W = 12.91 Btu/h\\1 Btu/h = 0.293071 W\\W = 12.91 * 0.293071\\W_{min} = 3.784 Watt\)
V = 5 V
Power = IV
\(W_{min} = I_{min} V\\3.784 = 5I_{min}\\I_{min} = \frac{3.784}{5} \\I_{min} = 0.7568 A\)
If the cooler is supposed to work for 4 hours, t = 4 hours
\(I_{min} = 0.7568 * 4\\I_{min} = 3.03 Amp-hr\)
Minimum battery size needed = 3.03 Amp-hr
In python, how would I randomize numbers and insert them into a file?
If you know you are at risk of becoming unemployed, you should _____.
a.
wait until you officially lose the job to worry
b.
get additional education to learn new skills
c.
spend all your money while you are still making it
d.
ignore the economy, because it is always changing
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Question 3
Calculate the reinforcement required for a 250 x 600 reinforced concrete beam simply
supported with an effective length of 8.0 m. The beam carries its self-weight plus a live load of
30KN/m. The exposure conditions may be considered as mild. fcu = 30; N
-; fy = 460N/mm².
mm²
Design also the shear reinforcement for the beam.
420 kN, where 0.25 is the beam's width, 0.6 is its effective depth, 25 is the concrete's unit weight, and 24 is the beam's span in metres.
Which beam has an effective depth of 500 mm and a breadth of 300 mm?The effective depth and width of a doubly reinforced rectangular concrete beam are 500 mm and 300 mm, respectively. 2200 mm 2 of tensioned steel and 628 mm 2 of compression steel are used to reinforce the beam.
Wd = self-weight of the beam + live load
= (0.25 x 0.6 x 25 x 24) + (30 x 8)
= 180 + 240
= 420 kNM
\(= Wd x L^2 / 8\)
\(= 420 x 8^2 / 8\)
= 3360 kN.mAs
= M / (0.87 x fy x d)
\(As = (3360 x 10^6) / (0.87 x 460 x 425)\)
= 23,583.8 mm^2
Vd = Wd x L / 2
= 420 x 8 / 2
= 1680 kN
Vc = 0.5 x fcu x b x d
= 0.5 x 30 x 250 x 425
= 3984375 N
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describe generativity, kinkeepers, the sandwich generation, and filial obligation. then discuss the common theme that runs through each.
The common theme among generativity, kin keepers, the sandwich generation, and filial obligation is the interconnectedness and responsibilities between different generations, emphasizing the importance of nurturing, supporting, and maintaining intergenerational relationships within families and society.
Generativity: Generativity refers to the concern for and commitment to promoting the well-being of future generations. It involves a sense of responsibility towards contributing to the betterment of society, nurturing and guiding younger individuals, and leaving a positive impact on future generations. It encompasses activities such as parenting, mentoring, teaching, and engaging in community service.Kinkeepers: Kinkeepers are individuals, typically women, who take on the role of maintaining and coordinating family relationships and communication. They are responsible for ensuring family cohesion and organizing family gatherings, celebrations, and other social interactions. Kinkeepers often serve as the primary point of contact for family members and play a vital role in preserving family traditions and maintaining familial connections.The Sandwich Generation: The sandwich generation refers to individuals who find themselves simultaneously caring for aging parents or older relatives while also raising their own children or supporting younger family members. They are "sandwiched" between the responsibilities of caregiving for two generations, often facing the challenges of time management, financial strain, and emotional stress. Members of the sandwich generation may need to balance their own careers, personal lives, and caregiving duties.Filial Obligation: Filial obligation is the moral and cultural duty or responsibility that individuals have towards their parents or elderly family members. It is rooted in the belief that adult children have a responsibility to care for and support their aging parents, both emotionally and financially. Filial obligation encompasses providing assistance with daily living activities, ensuring access to healthcare, offering emotional support, and making decisions in the best interest of elderly family members.Common Theme: The common theme that runs through generativity, kin keepers, the sandwich generation, and filial obligation is the concept of intergenerational relationships and responsibilities. Each of these concepts involves the interconnectedness and obligations between different generations within a family or society. They highlight the importance of nurturing, supporting, and maintaining connections across generations, whether it is through caring for older family members, guiding younger individuals, or contributing to the well-being of future generations. These concepts reflect the significance of family ties, care, and support as well as the dynamic roles and responsibilities that individuals assume within the context of their families and communities.
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Expert Review is done by end users.
Answer:nononononono
Explanation:
This term describes the dominant organizations, institutions, groups, and processes of the pre-Internet era. Core Crew None of these. Platform Crowd
The term that describes the dominant organizations, institutions, groups, and processes of the pre-Internet era is "Core Crew."
Core Crew refers to a small, tight-knit group of people who were responsible for the creation, development, and maintenance of a particular project or organization. They were the experts and decision-makers, and they controlled the flow of information and resources. "Platform Crowd" refers to the decentralized, networked model of organization that emerged with the rise of the Internet and social media. It is characterized by the participation of a large, diverse group of users who contribute to the creation and dissemination of content and ideas.
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what speeds did john j montgomerys gliders reach
Answer: 68 mph
Explanation:
engineers are desiging a box shaped aquarium iwth a square bottome and an open top the aquarium must hold 500ft^3 of water. what dimiensions should rthey use to create and acceptable aquarum with the least amount oif glass
The engineers should use dimensions of approximately 8.93 ft by 8.93 ft by 6.67 ft to create an acceptable aquarium with the least amount of glass.
To minimize the amount of glass used in the aquarium, the engineers should choose dimensions that minimize the surface area of the aquarium while still holding 500 ft^3 of water.
Since the aquarium has a square bottom, let x be the length of one side of the bottom, and let h be the height of the aquarium. Then the volume of the aquarium is given by:
V = x^2 h
We want to find the values of x and h that satisfy the constraint V = 500 ft^3 and minimize the surface area of the aquarium. The surface area of the aquarium is given by:
A = x^2 + 4xh
To minimize A subject to the constraint V = 500 ft^3, we can use the method of Lagrange multipliers. The Lagrangian function is:
L(x,h,λ) = x^2 + 4xh + λ(500 - x^2 h)
Setting the partial derivatives of L with respect to x, h, and λ equal to zero, we get:
2x + 4h - λx^2 = 0
4x - λx^2 = 0
500 - x^2 h = 0
From the second equation, we get:
λ = 4/x
Substituting this into the first equation, we get:
2x + 4h - (4/x)x^2 = 0
Simplifying, we get:
x^3 + 2hx - 1000 = 0
We can solve this equation for x numerically using a calculator or computer program. The positive solution is:
x ≈ 8.93 ft
Substituting this back into the third equation, we get:
h ≈ 6.67 ft
Therefore, the engineers should use dimensions of approximately 8.93 ft by 8.93 ft by 6.67 ft to create an acceptable aquarium with the least amount of glass.
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With respect to expanding opportunities for ICT environmental contributions, what term is associated with the issues such as LEED Certified Buildings, Smart Motors, and Industrial Robots?
Nowadays, you can link practically all of your home's appliances to a single device and operate it from anywhere. A better use of time is made possible through productivity apps.
What opportunities for ICT environmental contributions?The most pressing climatic concerns facing the globe can be addressed with the use of ICTs, which can also help with the transition to a circular economy that is much needed.
Access to biometric gadgets, food management software, and exercise routines easily leads to improved health. Communication with friends and family is simpler and less expensive.
Therefore, Additionally, they can be employed to keep track of, lesson, and adjust to climate change.
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code lab write a floating point literal corresponding to the value of the first 6 digits of pi
Both copper and stainless steel are being considered as a wall material for a liquid cooled rocket nozzle. The cooled exterior of the wall is maintained at 150°C, while the combustion gases within the nozzle are at 2750°C. The gas side heat transfer coefficient is known to be hᵢ = 2×10⁴ W/m²-K, and the radius of the nozzle is much larger than the wall thickness. Thermal limitations dictate that the temperature of copper must not exceed 540°C, while that of the steel must not exceed 980°C. What is the maximum wall thickness that could be employed for each of the two materials? For Cu, ρ = 8933 kg/m³, k = 378 W/m-K and for stainless steel, ρ = 7900 kg/m³, k = 23.2 W/m-K
a. The maximum thickness of the copper nozzle is 3.3 mm
b. The maximum thickness of the steel nozzle is 0.054 mm
The question has to do with heat transfer
What is heat transfer?Heat transfer is the movement of heat energy from one body to anotrher.
How to calculate the maximum wall thickness?Since the rate of heat loss by the gas equal rate of heat gain by the metal.
Rate of heat loss by gasThe rate of heat loss by gas is P = -hA(T - T') where
h = heat transfer coefficient of gas = 2 × 10⁴ W/m²-K, A = surface area of nozzle, T = maximum temperature of metal and T = Temperature of gas = 2750°CRate of heat gain by metalThe rate of heat gain by metal is given by P' = kA(T - T")/t where
k = thermal coefficient of metal, A = surface area of nozzle, T = maximum temperature of metal, T" = temperature of exterior wall of nozzle = 150°C and t = thickness of nozzle. Maximum thickness of nozzle.Since P = P', we have that
-hA(T - T') = kA(T - T")/t
Making t subject of the formula, we have
t = -k(T - T")/h(T - T')
a. Maximum thickness for copper nozzleGiven that for copper
T = 540°C and k = 378 W/m-KSubstituting the values of the variables into t, we have
t = -k(T - T")/h(T - T')
t = -378 W/m-K(540°C - 150°C)/[2 × 10⁴ W/m²-K(540°C - 2750°C)]
t = -378 W/m-K(390°C)/[2 × 10⁴ W/m²-K(-2210°C)]
t = 147420 W/m/4420 × 10⁴ W/m²
t = 147420 W/m/44200000 W/m²
t = 0.0033 m
t = 3.3 mm
So, the maximum thickness of the copper nozzle is 10.71 cm
b. Maximum thickness for steel nozzleGiven that for steel
T = 980°C and k = 23.2 W/m-KSubstituting the values of the variables into t, we have
t = -k(T - T")/h(T - T')
t = -23.2 W/m-K(980°C - 150°C)/[2 × 10⁴ W/m²-K(980°C - 2750°C)]
t = -23.2 W/m-K(830°C)/[2 × 10⁴ W/m²-K(-1770°C)]
t = 19256 W/m/3540 × 10⁴ W/m²
t = 19256 W/m/35400000 W/m²
t = 0.0000544 m
t = 0.0544 mm
t ≅ 0.054 mm
So, the maximum thickness of the steel nozzle is 0.054 mm
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what is the relationship between turtuosity and diffusion?
A series circuit contains four resistors. In the circuit, R1 is 80 , R2 is 60 , R3 is 90 , and R4 is 100 . What is the total resistance? A. 330 B. 250 C. 460 D. 70.3