Here's the pseudo-code to calculate and display the in-degree and out-degree of every node in a directed graph given its adjacency matrix:
```
function calculateDegrees(adjMatrix):
n = number of nodes in the graph
inDegrees = array of size n, initialized with all zeros
outDegrees = array of size n, initialized with all zeros
for i = 0 to n-1:
for j = 0 to n-1:
if adjMatrix[i][j] != 0:
outDegrees[i] += 1 // Increment out-degree for node i
inDegrees[j] += 1 // Increment in-degree for node j
for i = 0 to n-1:
display "Node " + i + ":"
display " In-degree: " + inDegrees[i]
display " Out-degree: " + outDegrees[i]
end
adjMatrix = [[0, 6, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 4, 3, 3],
[6, 5, 0, 3, 0],
[0, 0, 2, 0, 4],
[0, 9, 0, 5, 0]]
calculateDegrees(adjMatrix)
```
In this pseudo-code, we first initialize two arrays, `inDegrees` and `outDegrees`, to keep track of the in-degree and out-degree of each node. We iterate through the adjacency matrix and whenever we encounter a non-zero value, we increment the corresponding node's out-degree and the target node's in-degree. Finally, we iterate over the arrays and display the in-degree and out-degree of each node.
Using the provided adjacency matrix, the pseudo-code will calculate and display the in-degree and out-degree of every node in the graph.
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You have accumulated several parking tickets while at school, but you are graduating later in the year and plan to return to your home in another jurisdiction. A friend tells you that the authorities in your home jurisdiction will never find out about the tickets when you re-register your car and apply for a new license. What should you do?
Answer:
pay off the parking tickets
Explanation:
In the scenario being described, the best thing to do would be to pay off the parking tickets. The parking tickets stay under your name, and if they are not paid in time can cause problems down the road. For starters, if they are not paid in time the amount will increase largely which will be harder to pay. If that increased amount is also not paid, then the government will suspend your licence indefinitely which can later lead to higher insurance rates.
What are the basic things you have to study in the subject, engineering?
I'm having trouble with picking the correct equations for this. Some ways equal 12.4 N-m, but that's wrong. 24.8 N-m is also wrong. I have 62sin60 and 62cos60, and the perpendicular should be 200mm.
The couple of the moment of the two forces is 3.82 N.m
What is the Moment of the Couple?
We are given;
Force applied at A; F_a = 62 N
Force applied at C; F_c = 62 N
AB = BC = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Horizontal component of F_a is; F_ax = 62 cos 50
Vertical component of F_a is; F_ay = 62 sin 50
Horizontal component of F_c is; F_cx = 62 cos 50
Vertical component of F_c is; F_cy = 62 sin 50
Taking moments about point C gives;
M_c = F_ay * AB - F_ax * BC
M_c = (62 sin 50 * 0.2) - (62 cos 50 * 0.2)
M_c = 23.75 - 19.93
M_c = 3.82 N.m
Thus, the couple of the moment of the two forces is 3.82 N.m
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Hi all, could you solve this please?
What is the value of the resistance R
Answer:
try to 36v power and take 1a and intersect to 3
The main target of the diplexer is to enable the antenna to work at different frequencies. *
True
False
True is the answer.....
(a) Define and explain engineering
function and applications of each of the following geophysical
survey methods: (i) Seismic;
(ii) Magnetic;
(iii) Gravity and
(iv) Electrical.
Seismic surveys involve generating and recording waves of energy. Magnetic surveys measure variations in the Earth's magnetic field , Gravity surveys measure variations in the Earth's gravitational field Electrical surveys involve measuring the electrical properties.
(i) Seismic Survey: Seismic surveys involve generating and recording waves of energy that propagate through the subsurface. By analyzing the response of these waves, seismic surveys can provide information about the subsurface structure, rock layers, and the presence of oil and gas reservoirs. In engineering, seismic surveys are used for site investigations, assessing subsurface conditions for infrastructure projects, identifying potential geological hazards, and locating underground utilities.
(ii) Magnetic Survey: Magnetic surveys measure variations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by variations in the magnetic properties of subsurface materials. These surveys are useful in identifying magnetic anomalies associated with different rock types, mineral deposits, and geological structures. In engineering, magnetic surveys are applied to locate buried ferrous objects, mapping geological structures, and identifying potential archaeological sites.
(iii) Gravity Survey: Gravity surveys measure variations in the Earth's gravitational field caused by variations in subsurface density. They are effective in identifying variations in rock density, mapping subsurface structures, and locating potential mineral deposits. In engineering, gravity surveys are used for mapping geological formations, identifying subsurface faults, and assessing groundwater resources.
(iv) Electrical Survey: Electrical surveys involve measuring the electrical properties of subsurface materials, such as resistivity or conductivity. By studying the variations in electrical properties, these surveys can provide insights into subsurface lithology, groundwater presence, and contaminant plumes. In engineering, electrical surveys are applied in groundwater exploration, site characterization for construction projects, locating underground utilities, and assessing the stability of slopes.
Overall, these geophysical survey methods play crucial roles in engineering by providing valuable information about subsurface conditions, geological features, and potential hazards. They help engineers and geoscientists make informed decisions during the planning, design, and construction phases of various projects, ensuring the safety and efficiency of engineering endeavors.
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The gain of a common-emitter BJT amplifier can be estimated by the ratio of the collector resistor to the emitter resistor. Select one: True False
False. The gain of a common-emitter BJT amplifier is not solely dependent on the ratio of the collector resistor to the emitter resistor.
While the resistor ratio can play a role in determining the gain, other factors such as the bias voltage, input impedance, and transistor characteristics also have a significant impact.
In fact, the gain of a common-emitter BJT amplifier can be calculated using the following formula:
Av = -gm * Rc
where Av is the voltage gain, gm is the transconductance of the transistor, and Rc is the collector resistor.
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a turbine is supplied with 0 6 m3 s of water from a 0.3 m diameter pipe; the discharge pipe has a 0.4 m diameter. determine the pressure drop across the turbine if it delivers 60 kw
The pressure drop across the turbine if it delivers 60 kw is 75.4KPa.
The task of providing usable output shaft power to drive the propeller falls on the turbine section of the gas turbine engine. It must also deliver energy to run the compressor and other engine accessories. This is accomplished by expanding the gas at high pressure, temperature, and velocity and transforming the resulting gaseous energy into mechanical energy in the form of shaft power.
The turbine needs a significant volume of air to generate the required amount of electricity. The compressor provides this volume of air by pulling it into the engine and compressing it to provide high-pressure air for the turbine.
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A certain confined aquifer in the Inanda area in South Africa has a thickness of 18.5 m, a hydraulic conductivity of 12.5 m/day and a storativity of 0.0045. A pumping well drawing from this aquifer has a pumping rate of 0.035 L/s.
1.1 Calculate the transmissivity of the aquifer.
1.2 What is the drawdown at a distance of 15 m from the well after 24 hours of pumping?
1.3 What will be the drawdown after 12 months of pumping?
1.4 What are the basic assumptions that govern groundwater flow? All geologic formations are horizontal and of infinite horizontal extent.
1.1 Transmissivity is given by the product of the hydraulic conductivity (K) and aquifer thickness (b), or T = Kb. So, the transmissivity of the aquifer is T = 12.5 m/day x 18.5 m = 231.25 m2/day. 1.2 Drawdown (s) is given by s = Q / (4 π T) * ln(r / rw) where Q is the pumping rate.
T is transmissivity, r is the radial distance from the well and rw is the well radius. Since well radius is not given, we can assume it to be 0.1 m, and the distance r is 15 m. Thus,
1.3 The drawdown after 12 months of pumping can be estimated using the Theis equation which is given by s = Q / (4 π T) * W(u) where W(u) is the well function that describes the rate of water flow from the aquifer to the well at any time during pumping.
Therefore, s = 0.035 / (4 π x 231.25) * 0.42 = 0.002 m or 2 mm.
So, the drawdown after 12 months of pumping is 2 mm.
1.4The basic assumptions that govern groundwater flow are:
(i) The geologic formations are horizontal and of infinite horizontal extent.
(ii) The aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic.
(iii) The aquifer is confined or unconfined.
(iv) Darcy's law is applicable for calculating groundwater flow.
(v) The rate of water flow from the aquifer to the well is proportional to the hydraulic gradient and is described by the Theis equation.
(vi) The water level in the well is the same as the water level in the surrounding aquifer.
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Experiment: With the battery voltage set to 15 volts, measure the current in a parallel circuit with 1, 2, 3, and 4 light bulbs. (In each case, place the ammeter next to the battery.) Use Ohm’s law to calculate the total resistance of the circuit. Record results below. Is this right?
Answer:
No
Explanation:
We expect current to be proportional to the number of identical bulbs. The total resistance is the ratio of voltage to current, so will be inversely proportional to the number of bulbs.
The current readings look wrong in that the first bulb caused the current to be 1 A, but each additional bulb increased it by 2 A. If that is what happened, the bulbs were not identical. That may be OK, but we expect the point of the experiment is to let you see the result described above.
In any event, the total resistance is not calculated properly. It should be the result of dividing voltage (15 V) by current.
Answer:
No, it is not right.
Explanation:
Your table is not consistent with bulbs of the same resistance.
Current comes from a measurement, but resistance comes from a calculation.
I presume that the measured currents are correct.
Ohm's Law states that the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage.
We usually write it as
V/I = R
1. One bulb in circuit
\(R = \dfrac{V}{I} = \dfrac{\text{15 V}}{\text{1 A}}= \mathbf{15 \, \Omega}\)
2. Two bulbs
\(R = \dfrac{V}{I} = \dfrac{\text{15 V}}{\text{3 A}} = \mathbf{5 \, \Omega}\)
3. Three bulbs
\(R = \dfrac{V}{I} = \dfrac{\text{15 V}}{\text{5 A}} = \mathbf{3 \, \Omega}\)
4. Four bulbs
\(R = \dfrac{V}{I} = \dfrac{\text{15 V}}{\text{7 A}} = \mathbf{2.1 \, \Omega}\)
Tires that have been driven 30,000 miles or more are much more effective when driving in inclement weather than tires with new treadTRUE OR FALSE
Answer:
False.
Explanation:
As tires are driven, the tread on the tire wears down over time. When the tread is worn down, the tire's ability to grip the road and provide traction is reduced, which can be particularly dangerous in inclement weather conditions such as rain, snow, and ice.
Avapor mixture containing 50.0 mole % benzene and 50.0 mole % toluene at 1 atm is cooled isobarically in a closed container from an initial temperature of 115°C. Use the Tsy diagram below to answer the following questions. 115 110 1400 1300 105 100 Vapor 1200 95 Temperature (°C) 90 Liquid 1100 1000 900 Pressure (mm Hg) Liquid 85 800 Vapor 80 700 75 70 600 500 0 1.0 65 0 10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Mole fraction henvene Polarm 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Mole fraction benzene 7100 First Condensation Your answer is partially correct. At what temperature does the first drop of condensate form? 104 °C What is its composition? 0.20 mol benzene/mol
Last Condensate Your answer is partially correct. At what temperature does the last bubble of vapor condense? °C 98 What is its composition? 0.53 mol benzene/mol
Answer:
105°touch sensce what I could wathskb
(A) For each of the following systems, determine whether the corresponding system is causal, time invariant, or both. (a) y[n] = x [2n]2[n – 1], = (4 marks) (b) y(t) = dæ(t) dt + x(t). (4 marks) (B) Consider x[n] = {1,0, -1,1} and h[n] = {1, 2, 1}. 1 Find the convolution sum x[n] *h[n]. 5 ) (C) Consider x(t) 1, 0
When the corresponding system is causal, time invariant, or both, the value of convolution sum x[n] × h[n] is {1, 2, 0, -1}.
a) The system is not causal because the output at time n depends on past and future inputs.
It is time-invariant because a delay in the input signal corresponds to a delay in the output signal.
b) The system is causal because the output at time t only depends on past or present inputs.
It is time-invariant because a delay in the input signal corresponds to a delay in the output signal.
(B)
To find the convolution sum x[n]*h[n], we can use the formula:
y[n] = ∑(k=-∞ to ∞) x[k]h[n-k]
Plugging in the values of x[n] and h[n], we get:
y[0] = x[0]h[0] = 1 × 1 = 1
y[1] = x[0]h[1] + x[1]h[0] = 1 × 2 + 0×1 = 2
y[2] = x[0]h[2] + x[1]h[1] + x[2]h[0] = 1×1 + 0×2 + (-1)×1 = 0
y[3] = x[0]h[3] + x[1]h[2] + x[2]h[1] + x[3]h[0] = 1×0 + 0×1+ (-1)×2 + 1×1 = -1
Therefore, the convolution sum x[n] × h[n] is {1, 2, 0, -1}.
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An oil refinery finds that it is necessary to treat the waste liquids from a new process before discharging them into a stream. The treatment will cost $40,000 the first year, but process improvements will allow the costs to decline by $4,000 each year. As an alternative, an outside company will process the wastes for the fixed price of $20,000/year throughout the 11 year period, payable at the beginning of each year. Either way, there is no need to treat the wastes after 11 years. Use the annual worth method to determine how the wastes should be processed. The company's MARR is 7%.
What is AW in-house treatment
What is AW out-house treatment
The company should go with the out-house treatment option, as it has a lower annual worth value and will result in lower costs over the 11-year period.
GivenDataAn oil refinery finds that it is necessary to treat the waste liquids from a new process before discharging them into a stream. The treatment will cost $40,000 the first year, but process improvements will allow the costs to decline by $4,000 each year.An outside company will process the wastes for the fixed price of $20,000/year throughout the 11 year period, payable at the beginning of each year.MARR = 7%FormulaAnnual Worth (AW) = (P/A, i%, n)Annual Worth (AW) = Present Worth (PW) + Future Worth (FW)Where,P = Initial Cost (Present Worth)A = Capital Recovery Factori = InterestRaten = Life of the ProjectCalculationFirst of all, we calculate the AW of in-house treatment. The cash outflow would be $40,000 in year 0, then $36,000 ($40,000 – $4,000) in year 1, then $32,000 ($36,000 – $4,000) in year 2, and so on until year 10, and the cash inflow would be $0 as there is no salvage value.Annual Worth (AW) = (P/A, i%, n)Present Worth (PW) = $40,000Future Worth (FW) = $0Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) = (i(1 + i)n)/((1 + i)n – 1) = (0.07(1 + 0.07)11)/((1 + 0.07)11 – 1) = 0.122053Annual Worth (AW) = (P/A, i%, n)= ($40,000/0.122053)= $327,814.53Therefore, the AW of in-house treatment is $327,814.53.Now, we calculate the AW of out-house treatment. The cash outflow would be $20,000 in each year from year 0 to year 10, and the cash inflow would be $0 as there is no salvage value.Annual Worth (AW) = (P/A, i%, n)Present Worth (PW) = $20,000Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) = (i(1 + i)n)/((1 + i)n – 1) = (0.07(1 + 0.07)11)/((1 + 0.07)11 – 1) = 0.122053Annual Worth (AW) = (P/A, i%, n)= ($20,000/0.122053)= $163,907.27Therefore, the AW of out-house treatment is $163,907.27. AW in-house treatment = $327,814.53 AW out-house treatment = $163,907.27.
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Solve for R.
What is the current going through the 6 ohms light bulb?
Answer:
9A
Explanation:
write a statement to declare the variable numtrans as a variable that remains in memory after updatebalance() returns.
function (curBalance) = UpdateBalance (UpdateAmt)
% UpdateBalance Updates bank account balance stored as
% persistent variable
% Inputs : UpdateAmt - ammount to be added to balance;
% debits use negative values
% Outputs : curBalance - current account balance
persistent acctBalance
:
By using the keyword "persistent" in MATLAB, the variable "numtrans" can be declared to retain its value in memory between function calls. Initializing it to 0 ensures proper functionality.
In order to declare the variable numtrans as a variable that remains in memory after UpdateBalance() returns, you can use the keyword "persistent" in MATLAB.
Here's an example statement that accomplishes this:
```persistent numtrans;```You can add this statement at the beginning of your code, before the function definition. Once this statement is executed, MATLAB will keep track of the value of the variable numtrans between function calls, even if the function UpdateBalance() has completed.Here's what your code could look like with this statement added:```persistent numtrans;function [curBalance] = UpdateBalance(UpdateAmt)% UpdateBalance Updates bank account balance stored as% persistent variable% Inputs : UpdateAmt - amount to be added to balance;% debits use negative values% Outputs : curBalance - current account balance% initialize the account balanceif isempty(acctBalance)acctBalance = 0;end% update the account balancenumtrans = numtrans + 1;acctBalance = acctBalance + UpdateAmt;curBalance = acctBalance;```
Notice that I've also added a line to initialize the variable numtrans to 0. This is because persistent variables in MATLAB are not automatically initialized to a default value like other variables.
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What color does purple and yellow make when mixed?
The statement claimed that combining purple and yellow produced a brown colour.
What does the color purple represent?The color purple is commonly associated with royalty, aristocracy, richness, power, and ambition. Some meanings linked with the color purple include wealth, extravagance, creativity, wisdom, dignity, grandeur, devotion, tranquillity, pride, mystery, independence, and even magic.
What superpower does purple represent?Purple has the most intense visible wavelength of any color in the rainbow. Purple may symbolize for a variety of ideas, but to put it succinctly, it stands for power, strength, change, and royalty. Purple has associations with strength, dignity, opulence, knowledge, and spirituality.
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In the base of mechanical science knowledge, define work, energy and power
Answer:
Work is the amount of energy transfered by a force.
Energy is the amount of power an object gets from its position or motion.
Power is the combination of all forces and movements of a system that is the rate at which work can be done by a system.
Using the charts below, if you knew that a 1 mm diameter copper-nickel alloy wire can withstand a maximum load (before plastic deformation) of 78.54 N, and possesses an electrical resistance of 0.5 Ohms, then what is its length
Answer:
L = 10.32 m
Explanation:
The resistance of a copper-nickel alloy wire is given by the following formula:
\(R = \frac{\rho L}{A}\)
where,
R = Resistance = 0.5 Ω
ρ = resistivity of copper-nickel alloy = 3.8 x 10⁻⁸ Ωm
L = Length of wire = ?
A = cross-sectional area of wire = \(\frac{\pi d^2}{4} = \frac{\pi(1\ x\ 10^{-3}\ m)^2}{4}\) = 7.85 x 10⁻⁷ m²
Therefore,
\(0.5\ \Omega = \frac{(3.8\ x\ 10^{-8}\ \Omega.m)L}{7.85\ x\ 10^{-7}\ m^2}\)
L = 10.32 m
It describes the physical and social elements common to this work. Note that common contexts are listed toward the top, and less common contexts are listed toward the bottom. According to O*NET, what are common work contexts for Reporters and Correspondents? Check all that apply.
Answer:
Acef
Explanation:
Edginuity 2021
Answer:
2,3,4,5
Explanation:
guy above me is wrong
What is the advantage of having the engine in the front of the car?
For starters, most vehicles are front-wheel drive (FWD), so it makes sense to have the engine over the wheels that need traction. This makes the vehicle much more stable, and also helps maintain a relatively balanced weight distribution when accelerating.
The use of a front motor offers two main advantages: better engine cooling and more uniform weight distribution.
What are the advantage of having an engine in the front of the car?
In this problem we have the case of a car, whose motor is in the front of the car. Now we proceed to summarize advantages of a front motor:
Engine cooling - Better cooling of the engine, especially in critical parts such as radiators. Less risk of overheating.Weight distribution - Offers a more uniform mass distribution in the vehicle, critical when car accelerates.To learn more more on cars: https://brainly.com/question/33357158
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The flow between two infinitely flat parallel plates displays a parabolic profile, and is called plane Poiseulle flow.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
a. True
Explanation:
The study of fluids in a state of rest or in motion and the forces involved in it is called fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics has a wide range of applications in the field of mechanical engineering as well as civil engineering.
When we study the flow of fluid between any two flat plates that is indefinitely flat and is parallel, the flow of the fluid is known as plane Poiseulle flow. The profile of a plane Poiseulle flow is parabolic.
The velocity profile of a plane Poiseulle flow is :
\($\frac{u(y)}{U_{max}}=1-\left(\frac{2y}{h}\right)^2$\)
Thus the answer is TRUE.
In beams, why is the strain energy from bending moments much bigger than the strain energy from transverse shear forces? Choose one or more of the following options.
a) The stresses due to bending moments is much more than the stresses from transverse shear.
b) The strains due to bending moments is much more than the strains from transverse shear.
c) The deformations due to bending moments is much more than the deformations from transverse shear.
Answer:
a) The stresses due to bending moments is much more than the stresses from transverse shear.
c) The deformations due to bending moments is much more than the deformations from transverse shear.
Explanation:
Strain in an object suspended is a function of the stress which the suspended body passed through. The stress which is the function of the force experienced by the body over a given area helps is straining the moment. This lead to the strain energy from bending moment being greater than the strain energy from a transverse shear force.
the molex connector is being replaced by which type of connector
The Molex connector is being replaced by newer connectors such as SATA, PCIe, and EPS. These connectors are more efficient and provide better power delivery to modern computer components.
Molex connector is a type of electrical connector that is commonly used in the computer and electronics industry. It is a trademarked name for connectors manufactured by Molex Incorporated, a company that specializes in the production of electrical connectors.
Molex connectors are typically used for connecting wires and cables in electronic devices, such as computers, printers, and other electronic devices. They are designed to provide a secure and reliable connection, with pins or sockets that can be inserted into a housing or receptacle.
The connectors are available in a variety of sizes and configurations, including single- and multi-row designs, and can accommodate different numbers of pins or sockets. Molex connectors can also be customized to meet specific requirements, such as high-temperature or high-vibration environments.
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Find the error in the following pseudo code
Declare Boolean finished = false
Declare Integer value, cube
While not finished
Display “enter a value”
Input value
Set cube = value ^3
Display cube
End while
Pseudocodes are used as a prototype of an actual program.
The error in the pseudocode is that, the while loop in the pseudocode will run endlessly.
From the pseudocode, the first line is:
Declare Boolean finished = false
The while loop is created to keep running as long as finished = false.
So, for the while loop to end, the finished variable must be updated to true.
This action is not implemented in the pseudocode.
Hence, the error in the pseudocode is that, the while loop is an endless loop
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if a current of 5 amps flows through a resistance of 40 ohms, what is the voltage across that resistor
Answer:
200V
Explanation:
I = 5A
R = 40Ω
V = IR = (5)(40) = 200V
The condensed Q formula may be used for operations in which the friction loss can be determined for:
The condensed Q formula may be used for operations in which the friction loss can be determined for a: 3, 4, or 5 inch hose.
What is a firehose friction loss?A firehose friction loss can be defined as a measure of the effect of the resistance of water against the inner side of a firehose, which typically results in a pressure drop at the terminal end.
Generally, some of the factors that affect the resistance or friction in a firehose include:
Length of hose.Age of hose.Water flow (gpm)Water turbulenceGravityMathematically, the firehose friction loss can be calculated by using this formula:
FL = C × (Q/100)² × L/100.
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According to the EPA, at what level does radon become a health concern requiring mitigation?
A. 1.4 picocuries per liter of air
B. 2.4 picocuries per liter of air
C. 4.0 picocuries per liter of air
D. .04 picocuries per liter of air
According to the EPA, the level at which radon becomes a health concern requiring mitigation is 4.0 picocuries per liter of air. The Option C.
At what level does radon become a health concern?Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can seep into homes and buildings through cracks in the foundation. Prolonged exposure to high levels of radon can increase the risk of developing lung cancer.
The EPA has set a recommended action level of 4.0 picocuries per liter of air. When radon levels exceed this threshold, it is considered a health concern and mitigation measures should be taken to reduce radon concentrations.
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Consider a Diesel cycle that starts (at point a in Fig. 20.7) with air at temperature Ta. The air may be treated as an ideal gas. (a) If the temperature at point c is Tc, derive an expression for the efficiency of the cycle in terms of the compression ratio r. (b) What is the efficiency if Ta
Answer:
b
Explanation:
what is anythin efficiency if ta
Consider the flow of mercury (a liquid metal) in a tube. How will the hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths compare if the flow is laminar
Answer:
Explanation:
Considering the flow of mercury in a tube:
When it comes to laminar flow of mercury, the thermal entry length is quite smaller than the hydrodynamic entry length.
Also, the hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths which is given as DLhRe05.0= for the case of laminar flow. It should be noted however, that Pr << 1 for liquid metals, and thus making the thermal entry length is smaller than the hydrodynamic entry length in laminar flow, like I'd stated in the previous paragraph