describe what you observed during the lab at the following times: how long did your addition of the acid mixture take? how much ethanol did you use for the recrystallization? what did your nitroacetanilide crystals look like? how long did you dry the final solid before taking the mass and melting point?

Answer:

it sucks up stuff,cleans around the house,and can be emptied

Explanation:

because its what it is spose to do

Answer:

a space entirely devoid of matter.

Explanation:

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a weak acid (W), while perchloric acid (HClO₄) is strong acid (S) and chloric acid (HClO₃) is also strong acids (S). Option A is correct.

A weak acid is an acid that only partially dissociates in water to produce H⁺ ions and its conjugate base. This means that in an aqueous solution, only a small fraction of the acid molecules donate their hydrogen ion to water.

A strong acid is an acid that completely dissociates in water to produce H⁺ ions and its conjugate base. This means that in an aqueous solution, all of the acid molecules donate their hydrogen ion to water.

The strength of an acid is determined by its ability to dissociate or ionize in water. Strong acids completely dissociate in water to produce H⁺ ions, while weak acids only partially dissociate.

Therefore, Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a weak acid, while perchloric acid (HClO₄) and chloric acid (HClO₃) are strong acids.

Hence, A. is the correct option.

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Answer:

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons. The difference in the number of neutrons between the various isotopes of an element means that the various isotopes have different masses.

The observations made by Rutherford form his  α particle scattering experiment led him to conclude that: A major fraction of the α-particles bombarded towards the gold sheet passed through the sheet without any deflection, and hence most of the space in an atom is empty.

Rutherford demonstrated that an atom contains the new features of high central charge concentrated into very small volume in comparison to the rest of the atom and with this central volume also contains the bulk of the atomic mass of the atom.

He was the first scientist who discovered Nucleus inside the atom with the help his very own α particle scattering experiment .

Therefore, α particle scattering experiment led him to conclude that: A major fraction of the α-particles bombarded towards the gold sheet passed through the sheet without any deflection, and hence most of the space in an atom is empty.

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Answer: Science and Mathematics- Anthropologist, Meteorologist

Engineering and technology- Fuel Cell Technician, Computer programmer, electrical Drafter, Civil Drafter

Answer:

i have the same question  

Explanation:math and science is the meteorologs and the  anthropologist

If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas in a blood capillary is 45 mm Hg, the pressure expressed in inches of mercury is 1.7725 in Hg.

The pressure of a gas can be expressed in different units, depending on the convention or standard used. One common unit of pressure is the millimeter of mercury (mm Hg), which is the pressure exerted by a column of mercury that is 1 millimeter high at a certain temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Another unit of pressure is the inch of mercury (in Hg), which is the pressure exerted by a column of mercury that is 1 inch high.

To convert from mm Hg to in Hg, we can use the conversion factor of 1 mm Hg = 0.03937 in Hg. Therefore, if the partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas in a blood capillary is 45 mm Hg, we can convert it to inches of mercury by multiplying by the conversion factor:

45 mm Hg * (0.03937 in Hg / 1 mm Hg) = 1.7725 in Hg

Therefore, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas in the blood capillary can be expressed as 1.7725 in Hg.

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Above 15877 K (or 15603°C), the given reaction becomes nonspontaneous.To determine the temperature above which the given reaction becomes nonspontaneous,

we need to use the Gibbs free energy equation, which isΔG = ΔH - TΔSwhere,

ΔG = Gibbs free energy

ΔH = enthalpy change

T = temperature

ΔS = entropy change

Given,ΔH = -1036 kJΔS

= -153.2 J/K

We need to convert ΔS to kJ/K.ΔS = -153.2 J/K

= -0.1532 kJ/K

Plugging these values into the equation, we get:

ΔG = ΔH - TΔSΔG

= -1036 kJ - T(-0.1532 kJ/K)ΔG

= -1036 kJ + 0.1532 kJ/T

Multiplying both sides by -1, we get:

ΔG = 1036 kJ - 0.1532 kJ/T

We know that for a reaction to be spontaneous, ΔG must be negative.

Therefore, for the given reaction to be spontaneous, we can write:1036 kJ - 0.1532 kJ/T < 0

Multiplying both sides by T:

1036 kJ T - 0.1532 kJ T < 0T (1036 kJ) < 0.1532 kJ

Solving for T:T < 15877 K

Therefore, above 15877 K (or 15603°C), the given reaction becomes nonspontaneous.

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1. The key component represented in the model is the Reflection of light.

2. Bouncing back of light relationships are shown in the Figure 2 model.

Reflection is when mild bounces off an item. If the surface is smooth and bright, like glass, water or polished metal, the light will reflect at the same angle as it hit the floor. This is known as specular reflection. light reflects from a clean floor on the same angle as it hits the floor.

In line with the law of reflection, the attitude of prevalence equals the perspective of reflection. To view an image of an object in a mirror, you should sight alongside a line at the photo area.

Reflection is the bouncing back of light while it moves a easy surface. Refraction is the bending of light rays whilst it travels from one medium to some other.

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Yes, the reaction worked. Three key signals that suggest the reaction worked include the appearance of the product, the presence of the expected starting material, and the absence of any other byproducts.

The product, 1-methoxy-2-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, can be identified by its distinct color, smell, and boiling point. Additionally, if the expected starting material is present, then it shows that the reaction has taken place.

Lastly, the absence of any other byproducts such as unreacted starting material implies that the reaction was successful. All together, all three signals indicate that the reaction worked.

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A polar covalent bond can best be described as a bond where electrons are unequally shared, resulting in more electrons orbiting certain atoms than others.

A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that is formed when two non-metal atoms share their valence electrons. When the shared electrons are not shared equally, a polar covalent bond is formed.

In a polar covalent bond, electrons are drawn closer to the more electronegative atom, causing partial negative charges to arise on the more electronegative atom and partial positive charges to arise on the less electronegative atom.

Hence, a polar covalent bond can best be described as a bond where electrons are unequally shared, resulting in more electrons orbiting certain atoms than others.

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A polar covalent bond is a type of covalent bond where electrons are unequally shared due to differences in electronegativity. It leads to a slight charge difference, forming polar molecules with regions of different charges, like in water molecules.

A polar covalent bond is a type of chemical bond, particularly a type of covalent bond, where electrons are unequally distributed between the atoms involved. This unequal distribution of electrons, caused by differences in electronegativity, leads to a slight charge difference. Consequently, partially positive atoms within one molecule attract the partially negative atoms of other molecules, hence forming polar molecules with regions of different charges.

For example, the bond between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule is a polar covalent bond. In this case, the shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen nucleus due to its higher electronegativity. As a result, the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge (δ-), whereas the hydrogen atoms have a partial positive charge (δ+).

The type of bond - whether nonpolar or polar covalent - is determined by a property of the atoms named electronegativity, a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons toward itself. The larger the difference in electronegativity, the more polarized the electron distribution, meaning a larger partial charge on the atoms.

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Answer:

Sulfur?

Explanation:

Sulfur has 6 valence electrons and does not have luster.

The enthalpy change for the formation of lead chloride by the reaction of lead chloride with chlorine is -11.6 kJ/mol.

It can be calculated by using Hess's Law. We can break down the overall reaction into two steps: the first is the dissociation of lead chloride into lead ions and chloride ions, and the second is the reaction of chlorine with the chloride ions to form lead chloride.

The enthalpy change for the first step, the dissociation of lead chloride, is given as ΔH = +92.8 kJ/mol. The enthalpy change for the second step, the reaction of chlorine with the chloride ions, is given as ΔH = -104.4 kJ/mol.
To calculate the enthalpy change for the overall reaction, we add the enthalpy changes for the two steps:
ΔH = ΔH1 + ΔH2
ΔH = (+92.8 kJ/mol) + (-104.4 kJ/mol)
ΔH = -11.6 kJ/mol

Therefore, by using formula of the enthalpy change, the result for the formation of lead chloride is -11.6 kJ/mol.

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to generate energy means to create energy. chemical energy is the energy that is created when you put effort into doing something..  

Explanation:

i think its B but i'm not fully sure (Correct)

Answer:

B.

Explanation:

1.  2.57 moles is present in 57. 6 Liters of carbon dioxide.

2. 271.04 liters  volume of hydrogen if you have 12. 1 moles of Hydrogen

Assuming the condition given is STP the molar volume of a gas at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)  is equal to 22.4 L for 1 mole of any ideal gas at a pressure equal to 1.00 atm and temperature equal to 273.15 K.

so using above statement

1)number of moles *22.4= total volume

  n* 22.4=57.6

  n=2.57 moles

2)number of moles *22.4= total volume

    (12.1)*(22.4)=total volume

    total volume =271.04 liters

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For an isochoric process, Q = ∆U because there is no work done on or by the system, so all the energy transferred to or from the system goes into changing its internal energy.

For each statement that is not necessarily true for any one of the five types of processes, we are to come up with a counterexample. (I) Q = 0. (II) ∆U = 0. (III) W = 0.

(a) An isochoric (constant volume) process.

Statement (I) and Statement (II) are necessarily true for an isochoric process.

Since the volume of the system is constant, there is no change in work, so Statement (III) must be true as well.

Counterexample: When heat is added to the system and temperature is increased, but the system is shielded from the surroundings and no work is done, Statement (III) is not true.

(b) An isobaric process:

Since the pressure of the system is constant, there is no change in volume or work, so Statement (III) is not necessarily true.

Statement (II) is not necessarily true because the energy can transfer as heat, so the internal energy can change.

Counterexample: When the volume changes, but the pressure stays the same, Statement (III) is not true.

(c) An isothermal process:

Statement (II) is necessarily true for an isothermal process since the temperature of the system is constant. Since the internal energy is proportional to the temperature,

Statement (I) is not necessarily true, and there can be an exchange of heat energy with the surroundings. Statement (III) is not necessarily true because there can be work done.

Counterexample: When an ideal gas is compressed and work is done on the system, Statement (III) is not true.

(d) An adiabatic process:

Statement (I) is necessarily true for an adiabatic process since no heat is transferred to or from the system. Statement (II) is not necessarily true because there can be a change in temperature due to work being done on or by the system.

Statement (III) is not necessarily true because there can be work done on the system.

Counterexample: When heat is exchanged between the system and the surroundings, Statement (I) is not true.

(e) A process where no work is transferred to/from the system.

Statement (III) is necessarily true for a process where no work is transferred to or from the system.

Statement (I) is not necessarily true because heat can be exchanged with the surroundings.

Statement (II) is not necessarily true because the internal energy can change as a result of heat transfer.

Counterexample: When work is done on the system, Statement (III) is not true.

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Answer:

Float

Explanation:

Becuase 240 g had more volume then the 60 cm3 which is lighter that the mass of 240 grams

The calculated maximum wavelength is 495 nm

The energy needed to break a bond and create two atomic or molecular fragments, each containing one of the original shared pair of electrons, is known as the bond dissociation energy. The link between silicon and fluorine, which was previously discussed, is discovered to be the strongest chemical bond. The initial silicon-fluorine bond in a silicon tetrafluoride molecule requires 166 kcal/mol of bond dissociation energy to be broken.

ΔH=+240 kJ/mol

E=242×103/6.022×1023

=4.0186×10−19 J

Now I use the Planck Expression:

E=hf=hc/λ

∴λ=hc

Eλ=6.63×10−34×3×108/4.0186×10-19 m

λ=4.949×10−7 m

λ=495 nm.

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When a reaction vessel initially containing 68.0 kg \(CH_4\) and excess steam yields 16.9 kg \(H_2\), the percent yield would be 49.8%

Recall that: percent yield = yield/theoretical yield x 100%

From the equation of the reaction:

\(CH_4 + 2H_2O --- > CO_2 + 4H_2\)

The mole ratio of methane to steam is 1:4.

Mole of 68.0 kg methane = 68000/16.0 = 44239.4 moles

Equivalent mole of  \(H_2\)= 16,957.6 moles

Mass of 16,957.6 moles  \(H_2\) = 16,957.6 x 2 = 33,915.2 grams or 33.92 kg

Percent yield = 16.9/33.92 x 100% = 49.8%

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The percentage yield of the reaction that yields 16.9 kilograms of Hydrogen gas, H₂ is 66.3%

CH₄ + H₂O —> CO + 3H₂

Molar mass of CH₄ = 16 g/mol

Mass of CH₄ from the balanced equation = 1 × 16 = 16 g = 0.016 Kg

Molar mass of H₂ = 2 g/mol

Mass of H₂ from the balanced equation = 3 × 2 = 6 g = 0.006 Kg

SUMMARY

From the balanced equation above,

0.016 Kg of CH₄ reacted to produce 0.006 Kg of H₂

From the balanced equation above,

0.016 Kg of CH₄ reacted to produce 0.006 Kg of H₂

Therefore,

68 Kg of CH₄ will react to produce = (68 × 0.006) / 0.016 = 25.5 Kg of H₂

Percentage yield = (Actual / Theoretical) × 100

Percentage yield = (16.9 / 25.5) ×100

Percentage yield = 66.3%

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The percent error introduced into the mass of CO2 if we did not correct for the buoyant force due to the displaced air, we need to compare the actual mass of CO2 with the measured mass of CO2.

The buoyant force is the upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid, in this case, air. When we measure the mass of CO2, we usually do it in air, and the buoyant force affects the measurement. To correct for the buoyant force, we need to subtract the buoyant force from the measured mass. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced air.

To calculate the percent error, we can use the following formula:

Percent Error = ((Actual Mass - Measured Mass) / Actual Mass) x 100 Since we want to know the percent error introduced if we did not correct for the buoyant force, we can use the formula:

Percent Error = ((Actual Mass - Measured Mass without correcting for buoyant force) / Actual Mass) x 100

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The molarity of the 1.5 liters of the aqueous solution containing 52 grams of lithium fluoride is 1.334 M.

The molarity of the solution can be calculated using the formula,

Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters

The number of moles of LiF present in the solution,

Molar mass of LiF = 6.941 + 18.998 = 25.939 g/mol

Number of moles of LiF = mass of LiF / molar mass of LiF

Number of moles of LiF = 52 g / 25.939 g/mol = 2.002 mol

Next, we need to convert the volume of the solution from liters to moles:

Volume of solution = 1.5 L

Molarity (M) = 2.002 mol / 1.5 L = 1.334 M

Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 1.334 M.

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Water processing is crucial for public health, environmental preservation.

It is crucial to follow all steps in water processing by municipalities for several reasons. First and foremost, proper water processing ensures the removal of harmful contaminants, such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and pollutants, making the water safe for consumption.

Failure to follow these steps may result in the presence of these contaminants, leading to serious health risks for the population, including waterborne diseases and illnesses.

Additionally, proper water processing helps maintain the aesthetic quality of water, such as its clarity, taste, and odor. Neglecting the necessary steps may result in unpleasant or foul-tasting water, which can discourage people from using it for drinking, cooking, or other essential purposes.

Furthermore, adherence to water processing protocols safeguards the environment by preventing the release of untreated wastewater or harmful byproducts into water bodies. Failure to do so can lead to pollution, ecological damage, and a negative impact on aquatic life.

Overall, following all steps in water processing is crucial for public health, environmental preservation, and ensuring a reliable supply of safe and clean water for communities.

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Answer:

the solvent and solution

Explanation:

Solutions having solute in gaseous state and solvent in liquid state, are called Gas - Liquid Solutions. For example - Solution (mixture) of oxygen in water, mixture of carbon dioxide in water. Coca cola, a beverage, is an example of gas - liquid solution, as it has carbon dioxide dissolved in water.

In a gas-liquid solution, the substances that naturally takes a liquid state is: (E) the solvent and the solution.

Dissolution can be defined as the process of dissolving or dissociating a solute in solid, liquid or gaseous phase into fragmented particles by a solvent in order to form a solution.

Gas-liquid solution that have solute in their gaseous state and solvent in their liquid state.

For liquid and gases, the substance to be dissolved must form a non-covalent bond with the solvent, in order to produce a solution.

In Science, a solute refers to a substance that is typically dissolved in a liquid solvent such as water, coffee, tea, etc., to produce a solution.

Additionally, a solute maybe completely ionized, partially ionized, or it may remain intact during the process of dissolution.

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The first one appear to be a pan with some liquid heating up.

The beginning state is liquid, the phase change type is a vaporization and its ending state is gas.

The second one seems to be a ice cube melting.

Its beginning phase is solid, the phase change type is fusion, and its ending state is liquid.

The third one is water, or other liquid, making clouds.

The beginning state is liquid, the phase change type is a vaporization and its ending state is gas.

The fourth illustration seems to be an aluminium can. There aren't really a phase change happening, but when we open the aluminium can containing gaseous drink, there are molecules of gas diluted into the liquid and some of it encouter each other to make a bubble of the gas and is released. It is not an actually phase change, it is the reverse process of diluting gas into liquid. Initially it is diluted gas, it gets released and in the end it is in gas phase.

Answer:

18.88 grams of Al2O3

Explanation:

Here's my work

10g Al    l    1 mol Al    l    1 mol Al2O3  l   102g Al2O3

             l    27g Al       l   2 mol Al         l    1 mol Al2O3

Balanced equation: 2Al +Fe2O3  --> Al2O3 + 2Fe

So pretend it's in a chart,  you fill it out starting from the top left corner and then moving diagonally down and then straight up and then diagonally down and the straight up, etc.  You start with 10 grams of Al, so the first thing you want to do is convert it into moles.   So you find the mass of Al(which is 27) and then you have 1 mol of Al on top.  So the next thing you have to do is to change it to Al2O3 since that is what the question is asking for.  This is where it's important you balanced the equation correctly because you're going to compare the mol ratios.  To do this, you have to look at the coefficients in front of Al, which is a 2.  so you write 2 mol Al on the second bottom section.  and then on top you look at the balanced equation again and look at the coefficient in front of Al2O3, which there is none so it's a 1.   Then all you have to do is convert back to grams because the question wants it in grams.  so you put 1 mol on the bottom and then you look at your periodic table to figure out the mass of Al2O3.    Al= 27,  O= 16.   (27x 2) +  (16 x 3)  = 102.     Finally you just multiply all the numbers on the top row and then multiple all the numbers on the bottom row and then divide what you get on the top by the bottom.  

Answer:

Give an example of each of the following chemical changes.

(a) A photochemical reaction involving

(i) silver salt

(ii) water

(b) A reaction involving

(i) blue solution

(ii) formation of dirty green precipitate

(c) Two gases combine to form white solid.

(d) A reaction where colour change is noticed.​

Explanation:

a) A photochemical reaction involving  silver salt is used in black and white photography.

AgCl breaks down and converts into Ag during this photochemical reaction.

(ii) Photochemicalreaction involving water takes place in plants during the photosynthesis process.

Plants prepare food(carbohydrate) by using sunlight water and CO2 gas.

(b) A reaction involving

(i) blue solution:

For example reaction of copper sulfate solution with an iron nail.

When an iron nail is placed in CuSO4 blue color solution, then it changes to green color and reddish-brown solid deposits at the bottom of the container.

(ii) Reaction of ferrous sulfate with NaOH forms a dirty green precipitate of ferrous hydroxide.

(C) Two gases combine and form a white solid:

For example when HCl gas reacts with ammonia gas, then a white solid of ammonium chloride will be formed.

(d)  A reaction where the color change is noticed.:

When an iron nail is placed in CuSO4 blue color solution, then it changes to green color and reddish-brown solid deposits at the bottom of the container.

The latent heat of vaporization of boiling water is 540 cal/gm. Option b is the correct answer.

It is the amount of heat needed to convert 1 gram of water from liquid to vapor state at atmospheric pressure at a constant temperature. The latent heat of vaporization for water is relatively high compared to other liquids because of the strong hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This means that water requires a lot of energy to break these bonds and change from a liquid to a gaseous state. The latent heat of vaporization is also responsible for the cooling effect of evaporation. When sweat evaporates from our skin, it absorbs heat from our body, which helps to cool us down. In conclusion, the latent heat of vaporization of boiling water is 540 cal/gm, which represents the amount of heat required to convert 1 gram of water from liquid to vapor state at atmospheric pressure at a constant temperature.

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Answer:

See below.

Explanation:

A dynamic equilibrium in chemistry refers to a situation in which the reaction of reactants to form product(s) in which the products can reverse the reaction by falling apart and back to the reactants.  Reactions that go to completion are irreversible.  In cases where reactants form products (in a forward reaction), but the products can change back into reactants (in a reverse reaction) are called reversible.

An example is the reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid (think soft drinks).

     CO2(g)+H2O(l) ⇌ H2CO3(aq)

As anyone who has opened a warm can of soda knows, it can erupt suddenly and spray anyone nearby with a shower of bubbly, and sticky, soda.  Carbonic acid is unstable and will happily decompose back to it's reactant molecules if given the chance.

Experience tells us what to expect when giving a brother or sister a can of warm soda that you've shaken hard for a minute.  But if you are a chemist, such responses aren't always easy to predict with a new reaction.  Equilibrium constants were developed to provide a means for presdicting the exstent of these reactions.  They are used in equilibrium equations to predict the concentrations of products and reactants, given conditions of temperature and pressure, under defined conditions of temperature and pressure.

The equations themselves include concentrations as the key input.  In the carbonic acid example, if one were to add excessive amounts of one of the reactants, one would expect the equilibrium to "shift to the right."  This simply means that more carbonic acid would be made.  The chances of the forward reaction increase as concentration increases.  The amount of CO2 given off as a gas depends on the concentration of the CO2 in the gas phase, which is given by the partial pressure of the gas.

The space above the soda and the cap represents one place that the CO2(g) can escape the solution.  The CO2 pressure in the gas phase is a measure of it's concentration.  An equilbium calculation takes this concentration in account when decidng how much much of each component is present.  Other compouns that are present may also impact the equilibrium since they may interfere with one of the reaction steps.  Pressure and emperature either dirctly impact the concentration (e.g., gases) or they affect the "effective" concentrations of the compunds.  A higher temperature creates more collisons between reactant molucules that may change the equilibrium constant..

There are four kinds of elements i.e carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine. The compound name is allylamine Hydrochloride.

An allyl group is a substituent with the structural formula

\(H_2C=CH - CH_2R\), where R is the rest of the molecule.

There are four kinds of elements i.e carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine. The compound name is allylamine Hydrochloride.

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