Describe the mechanism by which class II introns are spliced out
of pre-mRNA to generate mature mRNA transcripts. Why is it
important that this mechanism be coupled to transcription?
Answers
Class II introns are RNA sequences that are capable of self-splicing and are found within pre-mRNA molecules.
The splicing process involves the removal of the intron sequence and the ligation of the flanking exons to generate mature mRNA transcripts. The mechanism by which class II introns are spliced out is known as retrohoming, and it involves a series of steps.
1. Recognition and binding: The intron sequence contains specific RNA motifs that enable its recognition and binding to the pre-mRNA molecule.
2. Intron folding: The intron undergoes a conformational change, allowing the formation of specific secondary structures, including the catalytic core known as the ribozyme. The ribozyme contains the active site responsible for the splicing reaction.
3. Splicing: The splicing process involves two transesterification reactions. In the first step, the 5' splice site of the intron attacks the phosphodiester bond at the 3' splice site, resulting in the release of the intron as a lariat structure. In the second step, the 3' hydroxyl group of the upstream exon attacks the 5' splice site, joining the two exons together and releasing the intron lariat.
4. Ligase-mediated exon ligation: After splicing, the ligase enzyme joins the two exons together, generating the mature mRNA molecule without the intron sequence.
The coupling of the splicing mechanism to transcription is important for several reasons:
1. Efficiency: Co-transcriptional splicing allows for the rapid removal of introns as the pre-mRNA is being synthesized. This coupling ensures that the splicing process occurs efficiently, avoiding the accumulation of unspliced transcripts.
2. Accuracy: Co-transcriptional splicing minimizes the chances of errors or misalignments during splicing. It ensures that the correct intron-exon boundaries are recognized and spliced accurately.
3. Regulation: Coupling splicing to transcription allows for the coordination of gene expression. It enables the regulation of alternative splicing, where different exons can be included or excluded from the final mRNA transcripts, leading to the generation of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene.
Overall, coupling splicing to transcription ensures the timely and accurate removal of introns from pre-mRNA molecules, leading to the production of mature and functional mRNA transcripts. It plays a crucial role in gene expression and the generation of diverse protein products.
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Related Questions
an item contaminated with blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions that may be dangerous or harmful is:
Answers
Items contaminated with blood, bodily fluids, excretions, or secretions are referred to as "biohazardous waste"; the words "bio" and "hazardous" denote risk or harm.
Waste contaminated with potentially infectious agents or other substances that are judged to be a concern to the public health or the environment is referred to as biohazardous waste, sometimes known as infectious waste (such as blood, body fluids, and human cell lines). Biological agents Biological wastes such as spores, viruses, bacteria, or live, attenuated vaccinations. Waste contaminated with infectious human or animal excrement, exudates, or secretions Bench paper, paper towels, Kim wipes, and any other products contaminated with biohazardous substances. Biohazardous liquid waste Animal or human blood Animal or human blood components physiological fluids or semi-liquid substances from humans or animals, Anatomical samples of humans if exposed to biohazardous materials, leads to many diseases.
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Hello there can anyone help me?
i have to do a project for biology and i could use some help
Answers
PLS HELP!!!!
Which option best describes a scientific consensus?(1 point)
A. a general agreement among a few scientists that is supported by experimentation and investigation
B. an observation made by a scientist that is supported by experimentation and investigation
C. a general agreement among many scientists that is supported by evidence and reasoning
D. an observation made by a scientist that is supported by evidence and reasoning
_______________________________________________________
How is “lock and key” used to describe the action of enzymes? (1 point)
A. Enzymes are able to create gaps in cell walls that allow products to leave cells.
B. Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the reactants, like a key in a lock.
C. Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the reactants, like a key in a lock.
D. Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the products, like a key in a lock.
Answers
The option that best describes a scientific consensus is a general agreement among many scientists that are supported by evidence and reasoning.
The correct option is C.
The lock and key model of enzyme catalysis is described as follows:
Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the reactants, like a key in a lock.
The correct option is B.
What is a scientific consensus?A scientific consensus is a common agreement about a particular idea or theory that has achieved general acceptance among scientists.
A scientific consensus is arrived at after several corresponding experiments or research on a particular theory or idea by scientists all over the world.
When a scientific consensus is reached, the idea becomes a theory upon which other scientific ideas are based on and used to explain other ideas.
Enzymes are specific in their action and the mechanism of their action has been described using the lock and key model.
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Part A
In this experiment, you will place the container in the freezer. What do you think will happen?
30points✌✌✌
Answers
If you put a container of water in the freezer and the container is completely full and sturdy enough to prevent any expansion, the water will not remain liquid. Water expands when it freezes, and this expansion creates a significant amount of force.
How to explain the informationIn such a situation, the water will exert pressure on the walls of the container as it freezes. If the container is strong enough to withstand this pressure, it may remain intact, but the expansion of the water will cause the container to deform or rupture eventually.
However, it's worth noting that it is highly unlikely to find a container that is completely rigid and strong enough to prevent any expansion of water. The force exerted by freezing water is quite powerful, and it can typically overcome the strength of most containers.
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What happens if you put a container of water in the freezer, and the container is so full and so sturdy that the water has no space to expand into as it becomes ice? Does the water remain liquid?
A population that is isolated in a remote environment is still able to experience genetic variation. How could genetic variation that contribute
A
A mutation in a liver cell produces liver cancer.
C
B
Lateral gene transfer occurs that produces an organism that is less resistant to drought.
O C. A mutation in an egg cell causes a change in DNA that produces an organism that is more sensitive to sunlight.
D. A mistake in DNA replication before meiosis produces an organism that is better able to outrun predators.ll
Answers
These plants have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. There is one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall. Which plant or plants am I describing? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) 000000000 Ferns Cycads Selaginella Lycopodium Conifers Ginkgo Hornworts Mosses Angiosperms 3 pts Liverworts
Answers
The correct answers are: Ferns, Hornworts, Mosses, and Liverworts.
The plants that fit the given description are:
Ferns: Ferns have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. Ferns produce one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall.Horworts: Hornworts also have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. Hornworts produce one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall.Mosses: Mosses have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. Mosses produce one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall.Liverworts: Liverworts also have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. Liverworts produce one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall.Therefore, the correct answers are: Ferns, Hornworts, Mosses, and Liverworts.
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A group of students is walking in the park, and one of them takes a picture of a pollen grain that is being blown by the wind. What caption can the student use for this picture?
Answers
Answer:
Gene flow at work
Explanation:
Answer:
gene flow at work
permeability is a property of permeability is a property of solutes. ions. solvents. proteins. membranes.
Answers
Proteins is a property of permeability is a property of solutes. It can be expressed in a variety of ways. A solution's ligative qualities are determined only by the total quantity of dissolved particles in solution, not by their chemical identity. Vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure are examples of ligative qualities.
We will look at four important colligative properties: vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. These are known as colligative qualities. We will look at four important colligative property: vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.
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why is silk moth is called silkworm?
please help me
Answers
Answer:
It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silk moth. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk.
what structural elements enable the distention of the urinary bladder?
Answers
The structural elements that enable the distension of the urinary bladder are transitional epithelium and smooth muscle fibers.
The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine until it is ready to be expelled from the body. The bladder can distend, or expand, to accommodate increasing amounts of urine due to its unique structural elements. The inner lining of the bladder is composed of transitional epithelium, which can stretch and fold without tearing as the bladder expands.
The bladder is also surrounded by layers of smooth muscle fibers, which can contract to expel urine from the bladder. These structural elements work together to allow the bladder to distend and function properly in the urinary system.
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A solution with a hydroxide (OH-) ion concentration greater than water would be a?
A) acid
B) base
C) neutral
D) ion
Answers
Answer:
B) base
Step-by-step explanation:
Acids have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Bases have a higher concentration of hydroxide ions.
Density involves the amount of a material in a certain volume. When a material changes phases, it changes in density in a predictable way as the amount of material stays the same but the molecules get farther apart or closer together. Water has solid and liquid states that do not follow these predictions of density in the phases of matter. What does that mean about the densities of the phases of water? The solid state is the most dense, followed by the liquid state, then the gas state. The solid state is more dense than the liquid state. The liquid state is more dense than the solid state. The gas state is the most dense, followed by the liquid state, then the solid state.
Answers
Answer: The answer is C. The liquid state is more dense than the solid state.
Explanation: Density involves the amount of a material in a certain volume. When a material changes phases, it changes in density. The water is more dense than the ice. Meaning the water is more compact than the ice. Steam, or the gas state of water, is less dense than both ice and water. so basically steam is less dense than ice, ice is less dense than water, making C are answer.
We have seen that the ice cubes float on water due to less density of ice to that of water. So the liquid state is denser than the solid state of water. Option c is correct.
What is Density?Density can be defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume of that substance. The density of water can change with a change in phase. Change in phase involves the breaking and formation of ionic and covalent bonds.
While in most liquids, a drop in temperature results in solidification due to a decrease in the kinetic energy of the molecules and due to closed packing as compared to that of in the liquid state. Water has a lower density in the solid state than liquid water because of the different orientations of hydrogen bonds. The molecules are pushed farther in the solid state due to this orientation.
Therefore, solid ice is less dense than liquid water.
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what translation along the body diagonal of this cell would interchange the positions of the sodium and chlorine ions?
Answers
The translation along the body diagonal of the unit cell of NaCl would interchange the positions of the sodium and chloride ions.
This is because the body diagonal of the unit cell is equal to the sum of the edges of the unit cell, which is equal to the distance between the sodium and chloride ions. As such, a translation of the unit cell along this body diagonal would effectively swap the positions of the sodium and chloride ions.
NaCl, or sodium chloride, is a type of salt that is composed of sodium and chloride ions. It is a crystal lattice structure, which is composed of alternating sodium and chloride ions in an ionic bond. It is found naturally in seawater, and is also commonly used as a seasoning in cooking, and as a preservative in food products. NaCl has many uses in medicine, including as a disinfectant, in electrolyte solutions, and as an ingredient in certain medications.
It is also used in a variety of industrial applications, such as in the production of certain plastics, and as a de-icing agent for roads and other surfaces.
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which innate immune cells express fcgammariii
Answers
The innate immune cells that express FCγIII are natural killer cells and macrophages.
FCγIII, also known as CD16, is a type of immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor that is expressed on the surface of some innate immune cells. Natural killer (NK) cells, which play a role in identifying and destroying infected or cancerous cells, express FCγIII. Macrophages, which are immune cells that engulf and digest foreign invaders, also express FCγIII. The expression of FCγIII on these innate immune cells allows them to recognize and respond to IgG-coated pathogens or infected cells. This is important for the rapid and effective response of the immune system to potential threats.
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In coral reefs, clownfish live unharmed among the poisonous tentacles of sea anemones. The sea anemones protect the clownfish from predation, while the clownfish scare off predators, such as the butterfly fish, which would otherwise eat the anemones. The clownfish may also provide important nutrients to the anemones. This arrangement is an example of which symbiotic relationship
Answers
Answer:
The sea anemone and the clownfish live together in a type of symbiotic relationship called mutualism, where both species benefit from the other. The sea anemone offers the clownfish protection and leftover food
The anemone's tentacles provide the clownfish with protection from predators, while the clownfish chase away butterfly fish that would eat the anemone. ... Sea anemones can do very little to control the flow of water across their bodies, and they rely on local currents to bring in oxygen and nutrients.Clownfish perform an elaborate dance with an anemone before taking up residence, gently touching its tentacles with different parts of their bodies until they are acclimated to their host. A layer of mucus on the clownfish's skin makes it immune to the fish-eating anemone's lethal sting.Instead, both species have evolved behaviors that help them avoid being eaten while they graze for benthic algae. Butterflyfish typically swim in pairs near a particular clump of coral. ... An anemone robbed of its clownfish guards will quickly fall prey to the voracious butterflyfish.
List 2 ways that the medical model DSM and the bio-psycho-social DSM are the same.
(Please help this is due in 3 hours
Answers
The medical model DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and the bio-psycho-social DSM share some similarities:
Classification of Mental Disorders: Both the medical model DSM and the bio-psycho-social DSM classify mental disorders based on a set of criteria. The medical model DSM uses a diagnostic system that focuses primarily on symptoms and observable behaviors, while the bio-psycho-social model DSM takes into account a broader range of factors, including biological, psychological, and social factors.Evidence-Based Approach: Both the medical model DSM and the bio-psycho-social DSM rely on an evidence-based approach to diagnosis and treatment. They both emphasize the importance of using scientifically validated methods to diagnose and treat mental health disorders, and both prioritize treatments that have been shown to be effective through rigorous research and clinical trials.What is DSM?The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is a classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose and categorize mental health disorders. The DSM is published by the American Psychiatric Association and is currently in its fifth edition, known as DSM-5.
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Your cells have a unique MHC (major histocompatibility complex). Directions for producing MHCs come from _________________.
A. the helper T-cells
B. the thymus
C. inherited DNA
D. the bone marrow
Answers
The directions for generating MHC comes from the option c. inherited DNA. hence, the option c is correct.
What is MHC?The full form is a major histocompatibility complex. It is the genes group that have the proteins code that should be founded on the cell surface which helped the immune system, that recorded in the foreign substance.
So at the time of directing, it produced MHC that came from inherited DNA.
hence, the option c is correct.
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Which of the following microtubule behaviors is observed during anaphase?
(+)-end polymerization
(+)-end depolymerization
Both (+)-end polymerization and depolymerization
Neither (+)-end polymerization nor depolymerization
Answers
During anaphase, microtubule behavior involves both (+)-end polymerization and depolymerization.
In anaphase, the microtubules undergo dynamic changes to facilitate the separation of sister chromatids and their movement towards opposite poles of the cell. This process is driven by the motor protein dynein, which exerts forces on the microtubules.
At the kinetochore of each chromosome, the microtubules from the opposite spindle poles attach and form the kinetochore fibers. The kinetochore fibers are composed of microtubules that undergo polymerization at their (+)-ends, which are closer to the kinetochore. This polymerization helps to generate force and pull the chromatids towards the spindle poles.
Simultaneously, at the opposite end of the microtubules, away from the kinetochore, the (+)-ends can undergo depolymerization. This depolymerization allows for the disassembly and shortening of microtubules, contributing to the separation and movement of the chromatids.
Therefore, during anaphase, both (+)-end polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules occur to facilitate the proper segregation of chromosomes.
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Help plssss brainliest involved
Answers
Answer:
\(a) objective = 4x \: \times 4x = 16x \\ b)4x \: \times 10x = 40x \\ c)40x \times 10x = 400x\)
complete the following sentence correctly. the membrane of a neuron contains many more __________ leak channels than __________ leak channels, and this causes the resting membrane potential to be somewhat near to the equilibrium potential for __________.
Answers
The plasma membrane of a neuron has more potassium(K+) leak channels than sodium(Na+) leak channels. Because of this, K+ ions that leave the cell is greater than the number of Na+ ions that enter the cell.
The neuron's plasma membrane is only minimally permeable to Cl and Na+ and extremely permeable to Potassium (K+). A balance between a high concentration of Na+ and a high concentration of Cl, as well as modest amounts of impermeant anions like bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulphate, is what keeps the extracellular fluid's electroneutrality. The concentration of Cl in the cytoplasm, where K+ concentration is high, is substantially lower than what is required to balance the sum of the positive charges. There, negatively charged impermeant proteins and phosphates keep the environment electroneutral.When the overall concentration of particles on one side is not equal to that on the other, the osmotic balance between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid is kept by water moving through the plasma membrane.To know more about membrane check the below link:
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PLSSS i need it, the first pic i answered by mistake
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The correct genotype of the parents shown in the picture is Rr and Rr (option D).
What are genotypes?Genotypes are part (DNA sequence) of the genetic makeup of an organism which determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that organism.
According to this question, the dominant allele for flower color is red (R) while the recessive allele is white (r).
However, when two red colored parents were crossed, three red and one white offsprings were produced. This means that both of the parents carry a recessive allele for white coloration i.e. the parents are heterozygous.
This suggests that the genotype of both parents are Rr (red) and Rr (red) respectively.
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On topographic maps, circles inside circles like the map below represents:
a depression like a crater
a like or pond
a hill or mountain
a canyon or a valley
Answers
Which type of cells typically do not regenerate?
Options: stomach, liver, brain, bone
Answers
Which statement best describes Earth's human carrying capacity?
A: It is a fixed number that we will soon exceed.
B: It is increasing due to improved technology and medicine.
C: It is decreasing due to increasing population.
D: It is decreasing due to decreasing death rates.
Answers
The statement that best describes Earth's human carrying capacity that it is increasing due to improved technology and medicine. The correct option is B.
What is carrying capacity?Carrying capacity is the amount of persons the individual may experience over a lengthy amount of time and density affects the overall population.
Food, habitat, moisture as well as other necessities found in the environment determine carrying capacity.
Carrying capacity is defined as the average population size of a species in a given habitat.
Environmental factors such as adequate food, shelter, water, and mates limit the species population size. If these needs are not met, the population will decrease until the resource rebounds.
The best description of Earth's human carrying capacity is that it is increasing as a result of improved technology and medicine.
Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum number of individuals of a population that the environment can support.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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20/08/2022
Science Assignment
Question: Give 20 example each on scalar & vector quantities
Answers
Scalar and Vector quantities are Distance and Displacement respectively.
Scalar Quantity is any quantity which has only magnitude but no direction.
It is as follows:
DistanceSpeedTimeEnergyDensityVolumeTemperatureDistanceWorkMassFrequencyDirect currentEntropyRefractive indexChargeElectric potentialLuminous intensityAmount of substancePressurePowerVector Quantity is any quantity which has magnitude as well as direction.
It is as follows:
DisplacementForceAccelerationWeightAngular MomentumLight velocityCurrentGravitational fieldElectric fieldLinear momentumTorquePolarizationCentripetal forceTensionThrustAngleDrag forceImpulseAlternating currentFrictional forceLearn more about Scalar Quantity here, https://brainly.com/question/774036
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One of the foremen at a pig farm notices purple sores on one of his workers. The worker has not been feeling well for the past two weeks, so the foreman sends him to the doctor. The doctor takes scrapings from the sores and sends them to the laboratory for a culture and susceptibility. The Gram stain shows 3 thin, gram-positive rods that are short but also have filaments. The culture plates were examined the next day and revealed alpha hemolytic, pinpoint, transparent colonies. The catalase reaction was negative. The TSI H2S was positive. What is the most likely pathogen?
Answers
Answer:
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Explanation:
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, nonacid-fast, nonmotile bacterium. Distributed worldwide, E. rhusiopathiae is primarily considered an animal pathogen, causing the disease known as erysipelas that may affect a wide range of animals.
45. What type of supplement can elevate heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure?
A. Multivitamin
B. Stimulant
C. Herbal supplement
D. Electrolyte
46. Which process of change requires a fitness professional to help a client identify environmental cues that trigger healthy behaviors and remove cues that trigger unhealthy behaviors?
A. Self-liberation
B. Stimulus control
C. Dramatic relief
D. Consciousness-raising
Answers
The type of supplement that can elevate heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure is a Stimulant.
A stimulant supplement is a type of supplement that can increase heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. Stimulants are used to provide an instant energy boost and increase performance. Multivitamin, Herbal supplement, and Electrolyte supplements are not stimulants.
The process of change that requires a fitness professional to help a client identify environmental cues that trigger healthy behaviors and remove cues that trigger unhealthy behaviors is Stimulus control. Stimulus control involves modifying the environment so that cues that trigger unhealthy behaviors are removed, and cues that trigger healthy behaviors are introduced. Fitness professionals can help their clients to identify environmental cues that trigger unhealthy behaviors and remove them while also introducing cues that promote healthy behaviors.
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Carbon Cycle activity part 2
(photos attached)
Answers
According to these data, the unknown bacterial
species is most closely related to
1) species l
2) species ll
3) species lll
4) species lV
Answers
Answer:
4
Explanation:
species IV
according to the fluid mosaic model,plasma membrane are mainly composed of phospholipids and proteins.Explain how structures S and T play the roles in the plasma membrane,which function as a selective barrier. please help me with this question
Answers
Answer:
The plasma membrane is a thin layer of lipid molecules that surrounds the cell and separates the inside from the outside. The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a two-layered structure of phospholipids with embedded proteins. This model explains how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to act as a selective barrier, regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Structure S in the plasma membrane is represented by the phospholipids, which form a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards. The hydrophilic heads are in contact with the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid while the hydrophobic tails are in the middle of the membrane. The phospholipid bilayer provides a barrier that separates the inside and outside of the cell, restricting the movement of hydrophilic and large molecules through the membrane while allowing the passage of small and hydrophobic molecules.
Structure T represents the integral membrane proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer. These proteins have different functions, such as transport of molecules, cell signaling, and catalyzing chemical reactions. The proteins also contribute to the selective permeability of the membrane by regulating the movement of specific molecules in and out of the cell. For example, channels and carrier proteins regulate the movement of ions and larger molecules through the membrane while receptor proteins receive signals from the outside of the cell and relay them to the inside of the cell.
In summary, the plasma membrane is mainly composed of phospholipids and proteins according to the fluid mosaic model. The phospholipids form a lipid bilayer that acts as a barrier, while the proteins embedded in the bilayer regulate the selective permeability of the membrane by facilitating the movement of specific molecules in and out of the cell.
Explanation: