changes in immunological profile of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells after differentiation: should we be concerned?

Answer:

to write a table of contents you will need to list your chapters from first to last.

Explanation:

if you have a table of contents you need to write, you can list your chapters and the page numbers in the comments and I can type it up for you.

Answer:

Explanation:

the antibodies destroy the antigen (pathogen) which is then engulfed and digested by macrophages. White blood cells can also produce chemicals called antitoxins which destroy the toxins (poisons) some bacteria produce when they have invaded the body.

1) The most abundant glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix (ECM), this protein attaches to integrins, which are proteins in the plasma membrane that connect the ECM with the inside of the cell is A. collagen. 2) The tissue type that would be expected to contain a large proportion of anchoring junctions is C. skin.

Collagen provides structural support to tissues and organs, it forms a network of fibers that give strength and flexibility to the ECM. Integrins act as bridges between the ECM and the cell, allowing cells to sense and respond to their environment, they play a role in cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. Dyneins and microtubules are not directly involved in the attachment of collagen to integrins. Microfilaments are involved in cellular movement and shape changes, but not in the attachment of collagen to integrins. So the correct answer is A. collagen.

Anchoring junctions are specialized cell-cell junctions that help hold cells together and provide mechanical strength. In the skin, anchoring junctions called desmosomes are particularly abundant. They connect adjacent skin cells, called keratinocytes, and contribute to the integrity and stability of the skin. Desmosomes consist of proteins called cadherins, which link cells together, and intermediate filaments, which provide structural support. Root tissue, brain tissue, and digestive tract tissue may contain different types of cell junctions, but they are not primarily characterized by anchoring junctions like the skin, so the correct answer is C. skin.

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Answer:

A) electricity

Explanation:

Matter is something that occupies space and has mass

The projected population size for wolves at the beginning of year two is 13 given a one-year breeding cycle.

To calculate the projected population size for wolves at the beginning of year two, we can use the Lotka-Volterra model of predator-prey dynamics. The formula is:

Nt+1 = Nt + (b*Nt - d1*Nt*Pt) - (c*Nt*Pt*g)
where:
Nt+1 = projected population size of elk at the beginning of year two
Nt = initial population size of elk (500)
b = birth rate of the elk population (not provided)
d1 = mortality rate of the elk population (not provided)
Pt = initial population size of wolves (10)
c = attack rate of the wolves (0.01)
g = conversion efficiency of the wolves (0.1)

However, since we are interested in the projected population size for wolves, we can modify the formula as follows:
Pt+1 = Pt + (c*Nt*Pt*g) - (d2*Pt)
where:
Pt+1 = projected population size for wolves at the beginning of year two
Pt = initial population size for wolves (10)
d2 = mortality rate of the wolf population (0.2)

Plugging in the values, we get:
Pt+1 = 10 + (0.01 * 500 * 10 * 0.1) - (0.2 * 10)
Pt+1 = 10 + (5) - (2)
Pt+1 = 13
Therefore, the projected population size for wolves at the beginning of year two is 13.

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Answer:Shrinking Blood vassels

Explanation:

An illustration of the link between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percent saturation of haemoglobin. Each haemoglobin molecule is surrounded by a core heme group, which is composed of iron and binds one oxygen molecule.

In order to create oxyhaemoglobin, each haemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecules. Up to four oxygen molecules can be bound and transported by a single molecule of mammalian haemoglobin. Other gases are also transported by haemoglobin. Each haemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules thanks to heme's ability to bind oxygen. The four heme groups found in each haemoglobin molecule are easily able to attach to the molecular oxygen present in the blood.Each haemoglobin molecule contains four iron atoms, and as a result, it has the capacity to bind four oxygen molecules.

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The two major classifications of vascular seed plants are Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Explanation:

Vascular plants are subdivided into two classes: seedless plants, and seed plants. Seed-producing plants include gymnosperms, which produce “naked” seeds, and angiosperms, which reproduce by flowering.

Asexual reproduction (a) has advantages over sexual reproduction when the environment is changing.

Because the kids are all clones of the original parent, asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Asexually reproducing creatures have two benefits over sexually reproducing species: the ability to make huge numbers of offspring fast, and the ability to produce offspring one at a time.

Asexual reproduction is a successful method of reproduction when the environment is predictable or stable since all the children will be acclimated to it. Asexually reproducing organisms may be at an advantage in an unstable or unpredictable environment since all of their progeny are genetically similar and be able to adapt to various environments.

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Answer:

It is not ethical or moral to genetically modify embryos using CRISPR.

Explanation:

Genetically improving children puts them in a unique position of privilege. It's one thing to be born smarter than other people, it's another thing to have it paid for. In comparison, following the recent college scandal, it is unethical to pay for a position at a college rather than earn it.

Answer:

b)a very large molecule

Explanation:

A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as a protein. They are composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules called monomers. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers and large non-polymeric molecules such as lipids and macrocycles. 

Answer: A. Pollen and ovule

Explanation:

1. The initially proposed structure of DNA where like bases are bonded to like bases, such as that thymine would be bonded to thymine, cytosine would be bonded to cytosine, and so on would not fit based on what was discovered to be true about DNA because the structure of DNA shows that like base bonds will be unstable.

2. The bonds that are present in the DNA structure include the hydrogen bond between the bases as well as the phosphodiester bond between the sugar backbones.

3. The DNA replication enzymes include helicase, DNA polymerase, and ligase. A defect in any of these enzymes will result in a deficiency in the replication process.

The DNA structure as discovered is a double-helix with each of the complementary strands running anti-parallel to each other.

The nucleotides present in the DNA structure are guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine.

In the DNA structure, the bonds present include hydrogen bonds and phosphodiester bonds.

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Answer:

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Where the hormone is produced Hormone(s) secreted

Pituitary gland Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Pituitary gland Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Pituitary gland Growth hormone (GH)

Pituitary gland Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

hope its right

Researchers may be able to induce adult cells to behave like embryonic stem cells an important advance in stem cell therapy.

Embryonic stem cells :

Embryonic stem cells  are found in the inner cell mass of the human blastocyst, an early stage of the developing embryo lasting from the 4th to 7th day after fertilization. In normal embryonic development, they disappear after the 7th day, and begin to form the three embryonic tissue layers.

How embryonic stem cells are obtained?

Stem cells are now being collected from human embryos. In most cases, the embryos that are used have been aborted or left over from in vitro fertilization procedures. Although not technically feasible at this time, researchers expect that it is possible to clone stem cells from a patient's own somatic cells.

Cell therapy :

Cellular therapy (CT) is the transplantation of human cells to replace or repair damaged tissue and/or cells. With new technologies, innovative products, and limitless imagination, many different types of cells may be used as part of a therapy or treatment for a variety of diseases and conditions.

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The percentage of blood's oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin is known as peripheral oxygen saturation. Exercise causes a little decrease in peripheral capillary blood oxygen levels.

Your levels of hemoglobin may fall if an illness or condition impairs your body's capacity to make red blood cells. You'll experience extreme fatigue and weakness if your hemoglobin is low, which suggests your system isn't getting enough oxygen.

In addition to other symptoms, elevated hemoglobin levels can cause fatigue, bruising easily, and dizziness. Your doctor can suggest a course of action to get rid of extra red blood cells of you blood based on the root reason of your excessive hemoglobin.

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Answer:

weight gain or loss.

headache.

vomiting.

diarrhea.

changes in appetite.

fever.

changes in menstrual cycle.

sensitivity to heat.

The plant will never be able to flower.

What are annual Arabidopsis plants?

A plant is said to be annual if it completes all stages of its life cycle, from germination to the production of seeds, during a single growing season and then perishes when that season is over.

During the process of flower growth, from the vegetative to the reproductive phase, a number of genes, including SOC1, LFY, FLC, and others, play highly important roles. Which FLC gene is the repressor gene of SOC1 that result in the flowering of the plant, but after the cold treatment an additional gene called COLDAIR RNA in the process of vernalization represses FLC and causes flowering to occur. However, if COLDAIR RNA is unstable, it would be nonfunctional and the plant would never be able to flower because of this.

Hence, the plant will never be able to flower.

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Answer:

that the v1rus h4tes m33n

Explanation:

or that the g3nes want m4le chr0m0somes ??

Answer:

hope this answer help you

Answer:Different cells have different jobs to do. Each cell has a size and shape that is suited to its job. Cells that do the same job combine together to form body tissue, such as muscle, skin, or bone tissue. Groups of different types of cells make up the organs in your body, such as your heart, liver, or lungs

Explanation:

Iron trace minerals are essential for the synthesis of the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in our bodies.

Because of its function in hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to cells and gives them their color, iron is a trace mineral that is crucial for oxygen transport. Other trace minerals, such as zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, and chromium, are crucial for maintaining healthy blood and promoting blood regrowth.

The body requires trace minerals, often known as micro minerals, in microscopic amounts. Our cells wouldn't develop, work properly, or make the hormones and enzymes necessary to keep us alive without these minerals and other nutrients.

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Answer:

B) 23 chromosomes

Explanation:

46 ÷ 2 = 23

To ensure so each gamete created inside the human body contains 23 chromosomes, meiosis is required.. So, the correct option is B.

In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is a unique form of division of germ cells that results in the production of gametes, including such sperm or egg cells. Two rounds of duplication are necessary, and the end product is four cells with just one duplicate of each chromosome.

Consequently, meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells that are each genetically distinct and have half the DNA of a parent cell   The parent cell of a human cell has sets of chromosomes (23 pairs which are 46 chromosomes), hence the cells created during meiosis have 23. Gametes will develop from these cells. To ensure so each gamete created inside the human body contains 23 chromosomes, meiosis is required.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

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Potometer is the apparatus which was used to investigate how temperature affects transpiration rate.

This is also referred to as transpirometer and it measures the level of water uptake in a leafy shoot.

Increase in temperature will lead to transpiration which can be detected by using the potometer to measure the water level.

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Answer:

The frog population

Explanation:

Because the frogs will no longer have food to eat and might die from starvation. The decrease in the rabbit population affects them directly.

The following assertions about the proteins that are encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are accurate: Antigens given by class I MHC proteins enable cytotoxic T lymphocytes to detect virus-infected and cancerous cells. The correct answer is (A).

There are three categories of MHC-produced protein products: class I, class II, and class III molecules, both of which are involved in the presentation of antigens. The presentation of peptide antigen to the T-cell receptor is the primary function of Class I and II proteins, which are essential components of the immune system.

Since non-self, typically allogeneic organs from one person are transplanted into another, the function of MHC is particularly crucial in organ transplantation. Immunological rejection of transplants can take many forms when MHC presents an antigen.

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"

MHC I and MHC II are major histocompatibility complex molecules that play crucial roles in the immune system. MHC I presents antigens derived from intracellular pathogens to CD8+ T cells, while MHC II presents antigens derived from extracellular pathogens to CD4+ T cells. The steps of extracellular antigen processing and presentation involve the uptake of pathogens by antigen-presenting cells, processing of antigens into peptides, and loading of peptides onto MHC II molecules. On the other hand, endogenous antigen processing and presentation involve the production of antigens within the cell, degradation of antigens into peptides, and loading of peptides onto MHC I molecules. These processes are essential for the activation of T cells and the initiation of an immune response.

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules, specifically MHC I and MHC II, play crucial roles in the immune system by presenting antigens to T cells. These molecules are involved in the recognition and activation of the immune response against pathogens.

MHC I molecules are found on the surface of all nucleated cells. They play a vital role in presenting antigens derived from intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and intracellular bacteria. The main function of MHC I molecules is to present peptides derived from these pathogens to CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells or killer T cells.

The process of MHC I antigen presentation involves several steps:

MHC II molecules are primarily found on antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. They are responsible for presenting antigens derived from extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and parasites. MHC II molecules present antigens to CD4+ T cells, also known as helper T cells.

The process of MHC II antigen presentation involves the following steps:

Overall, MHC I and MHC II molecules play critical roles in the immune system by presenting antigens to T cells, which are essential for the activation of an immune response against intracellular and extracellular pathogens, respectively.

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The statement that is not true concerning enzymes is option d: "they can form covalent bonds with their substrates." Enzymes do not form covalent bonds with their substrates during the course of a reaction.

Enzymes act as catalysts, facilitating chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. They achieve this through several mechanisms, including options a, b, and c.

Enzymes do not require an input of energy from ATP for activation (option a). Instead, they utilize their own three-dimensional structure to facilitate reactions. Enzymes can change the shape of substrates (option b) by binding to them and inducing a conformational change that brings reactive groups together.

This helps increase the rate of a specific reaction. Additionally, enzymes can bring reactants together in the proper orientation (option c), allowing them to interact more efficiently and enhancing the likelihood of a chemical reaction.

Therefore, the correct statement is that enzymes do not form covalent bonds with their substrates, option d.

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Answer:

Large Crystals, course texture, and I think evidence of slow cooling