The Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the light flashes.
The conditioned response(CR) is reaction to flash of light.
The neutral stimulus(NS) is sound of a loud POP before conditioning.
The Unconditioned response(UCR) is reaction to the sound of a loud POP.
What is theory of learning?The theory of learning is defined as the various way individuals are able to receive and retain information for future purposes.
The different theory of learning include the following:
classical conditioningoperant conditioningCognitive learningSocial learning.The classical conditioning was by Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov.
Ivan Pavlov believed that learning process creates a conditioned response through associations between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
Therefore from the experience of Bona:
The Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the light flashes.The conditioned response(CR) is reaction to flash of light.The neutral stimulus(NS) is sound of a loud POP before conditioning.The Unconditioned response(UCR) is reaction to the sound of a loud POP.Learn more about classical conditioning here:
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How are birds different from mammals ?
Answer:
there is a major diff between birds and mammals in the female reproductive system as birds produce large yolk-filled eggs. The precursors of the yolk r synthesized by the liver. Another diff is that there is a single ovary and oviduct in bird
Explanation:
Answer:
The difference is the female reproductive system as birds produce large yolk filled eggs
How have hominid skulls changed over time? What are some of the reasons for those
changes?
Answer:
The change from the oblong skull and protruding face of ancient humans (right) to the modern rounder skull and retracted face is associated with a sharper bend in the floor of the brain case (lower left), thought to be caused by increased brain size.
Explanation:
Give brainlist me please
The change from the oblong skull and protruding face of ancient humans (right) to the modern rounder skull and retracted face is associated with a sharper bend in the floor of the brain case (lower left), thought to be caused by increased brain size.
HELP
The structure of cellulose is shown below. What monomer combines and
forms cellulose?
(b) Using the template of the phylogenetic tree, circle the lineages that share node
Complete question:
(b) Using the template of the phylogenetic tree, circle the lineages that share node A. You will find the tree in the attached files.
Answer:
The Lineages that share node A are
Chinese river dolphinAmazon river dolphinLa Plata river dolphinDolphinsNarwhalPorpoisesExplanation:
The phylogenetic tree is composed of,
Lineages → These are the taxonomic groups of interest placed in the extremes of the lines called branches. Nodes → These are the ramification points, which are also known as divergence points. They represent the location of the most recent common ancestor. Root → This is the older common ancestor that all lineages share. The first one in the tree.- Two or more lineages are more related to each other if they share a recent common ancestor. This means that they all diverge from the same node.
- Two or more lineages are less related to each other if they lack a recent common ancestor. This is, the node from which these lineages diverge is placed far away in the tree.
There are also different phylogenetic relationships between lineages.
Apomorphies → Occur when the involved lineages share a trait that they inherited from their most recent common ancestor. This trait evolved for the first time in this ancestor. → This relationship is a homology.Plesiomorphies → occur when the involved lineages share a trait inherited from a common ancestor, but that is older concerning the present traits exhibited by other descendants of the same common ancestor. → This relationship is a homology.Homoplasy → Lineages share a trait that evolved independently in each group. → This relationship is an analogy.Firstly the question is incomplete the image is not attached with it which shows the phylogenetic tree.
The Lineages that percentage node A are
Chinese river dolphin river dolphinLa Plata river dolphinDolphinsNarwhalPorpoisesThe phylogenetic tree consists of:
Lineages → These are the taxonomic companies of hobby located withinside the extremes of the traces referred to as branches.Nodes → These are the ramification points, that are additionally called divergence points. They constitute the area of the maximum latest not unusual place ancestor.Root → This is the older not unusual place ancestor that every one lineages percentage. The first one withinside the tree.- Two or extralineages are extra associated with every difference in the event that the percentage a latest not unusual place ancestor. In this manner, all of them diverge from the equal node.Two or extra lineages are much less associated with every difference in the event that they lack a latest not unusual place, ancestor. This is, the node from which those lineages diverge is located a long way away withinside the tree.
There also are one-of-a-kind phylogenetic relationships among lineages.
• Apomorphies → Occur while the worried lineages percentage a trait that they inherited from their maximum latest not unusual place ancestor. This trait developed for the primary time on this ancestor. → This dating is a homology.
• Plesiomorphies o( while the worried lineages percentage a trait inherited from a not unusual place ancestor, however, this is older regarding the prevailing developments exhibited via way of means of different descendants of the equal not unusual place ancestor. This dating is a homology.
• Homoplasy → Lineages percentage is a trait that developed independently in every group. → This dating is an analogy.
What is the phylogenetic tree?
The phylogenetic tree is the branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species.
Thus it is clear from the above answer.
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PLS HELP I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST FOR THE CORRECT ANSWER
During respiration in plants, _______________ is released from food A.oxygen B.water C.energy D.carbon dioxide
Answer:
D. carbon dioxide
Explanation:
Answer:
A. Oxygen
Explanation:
Plants take in sunlight, water and carbon dioxide, and release oxygen and glucose (sugar).
Atoms share electrons in which of the following?
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
covalent bonds
van der Waals forces
A postsynaptic neuron has an RMP of -70mV and a typical threshold of -55mV. It has three presynaptic inputs-from neurons X, Y, and Z. Stimulation of
neuron X causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize by 0.5 mV. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by
1 mV, If X fires 10 times and Y fires 10 times the result will be …
Multiple Choice
a subthreshold summation.
presynaptic inhibition.
threshold is reached and an AP is fired.
many APs are fired.
the membrane depolarizes.
When X fires 10 times and Y fires 10 times, the result will be a subthreshold summation.
Subthreshold summation happens when two or more presynaptic inputs that are sub-threshold (i.e., they cannot create an action potential) combine their effects on the postsynaptic neuron.
Here, the postsynaptic neuron has an RMP of -70mV and a typical threshold of -55mV. When neuron X is stimulated, it depolarizes by 0.5 mV.
When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by 1 mV, which is sub-threshold (below -55mV).
Therefore, when X fires 10 times and Y fires 10 times, the postsynaptic neuron will experience subthreshold summation and no action potential will be fired.
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in physiological Genotype and phenotype disorder male and female in reproductive system
Both males and females can experience reproductive system disorders. These disorders can be caused by genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, structural issues, infections, or other medical conditions. In males, these disorders may include erectile dysfunction, infertility, testicular disorders, prostate problems, and hormonal imbalances. In females, they may include menstrual disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, infertility, and hormonal imbalances. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder and may involve medication, hormonal therapy, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies.
2 example of structure‐function complementarity in the human body
Answer:
Complementarity of Structure and function:-- For example
Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. Chemical Level: -At this level atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.hope it helps<3What are hormones?
amamanaksbjavaav
Answer:
A hormone is any member of a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms, that are transported to distant organs to regulate physiology and / or behavior. Hormones are required for the correct development of animals, plants and fungi.
Hormones are molecules produced by the endocrine system that send messages to various parts of the body. They help regulate your body's processes, like hunger, blood pressure, and sexual desire. While hormones are essential to reproduction, they are fundamental to all the systems of your body.
Explanation:
Answer:
A hormone is any member of a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms, that are transported to distant organs to regulate physiology and / or behavior. Hormones are required for the correct development of animals, plants and fungi.
5. Albinism is a failure to produce the enzyme needed to make melanin. It is recessive to normal pigmentation. An albino woman whose father is albino and mother normal, marries a normal man, one of whose parents is normal and the other albino. He has an albino sister. The couple have a normal daughter. Identify all genotypes and phenotypes. What is the probability of a heterozygous dominant parent and a recessive parent having an affected boy if a particular trait is autosomal recessive?
The genotypes that are involved are AA and aa
The probability of a hete--rozygous dominant parent and a recessive parent having an affected boy if a particular trait is autosomal recessive is 50%
What is albinism?We can infer that the daughter must have the genotype Aa given that the dominant allele (A) is required for normal pigmentation and the couple has a daughter who is normal.
Let's think about the following in relation to the second query concerning the likelihood of an affected boy having het---erozygous dominant parent (Aa) and a recessive parent (aa) if the trait is autosomal recessive:
The affected boy would need both copies of the recessive gene (aa) if the characteristic is autosomal recessive in order to display it.
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Describe how the fossil record gives evidence of evidence.
Answer:
Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Are garden pansies “perfect flowers” as in do they have these traits:
•It makes and distributes male gametes.
•It makes female gametes.
•It receives male gametes.
Yes, they are perfect flowers.
Which term best represents process 2?
Choose 1 answer:
A) Precipitation
B) Evaporation
C) Transpiration
D) Condensation
( PLEASE HELP NOW ) !!!
Answer:
transpiration
Explanation:
khan
What is the inter-relationship between Genetics and Evolution ?
The inter-relationship between genetics and evolution lies in the fact that genetics provides the raw material for evolutionary change. Genetic variations drive phenotypic diversity, which is shaped by natural selection, driving species adaptation and evolution.
Genetics and evolution are closely intertwined fields of study. Genetics focuses on the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation, while evolution examines how species change and diversify over generations. The relationship between the two lies in the role genetics plays in driving evolutionary processes.
Genetic variations, such as mutations and recombination, introduce diversity within populations. These variations provide the basis for natural selection, the main mechanism of evolution. Individuals with advantageous genetic traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those traits to their offspring. Over time, this results in the accumulation of beneficial traits within a population and the emergence of new species through speciation.Evolution acts upon the genetic variations present in a population, favoring traits that enhance survival and reproductive success. This process can lead to adaptations that improve an organism's fitness in its environment. Genetic changes, such as gene flow and genetic drift, further contribute to the evolutionary dynamics within and between populations.In summary, genetics provides the genetic variation that fuels the process of evolution. Genetic variations are subject to natural selection, resulting in the adaptation and diversification of species over time. The interplay between genetics and evolution is crucial for understanding the mechanisms driving biological diversity and the history of life on Earth.
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Which of the following rocks would form from lava following a volcanic eruption?
Answer:
Igneous rocks
Explanation:
Rocks that form from within the earth (like through a volcanic eruption, lava flow, magma intrusion, etc.) are known as igneous rocks.
What keeps the airways clear?A. Pleural fluid in the thoracic cavity.B. Passage through squamous epithelial cells.C. Spiracles near airway openings.D. Mucin secreted by goblet cells in the bronchus.
Among the strategies our bodies have developed to keep our airways clean, it could be mentioned the hairs of our nouse, which avoid bigger particles to reach our lungs, but also a substance needed for this process is the pleural fluid, which covers the internal tissues of our lungs, and its epithelium to get those more little particles to not reach our alveoli, neutralizing them before.
The correct answer then is the first one: A. Pleural fluid in the thoracic cavity.
What enzyme is responsible for joining the nucleotides to synthesize a new complementary strand of DNA:
During DNA duplication, the enzyme known as DNA polymerase joins nucleotides to create a new complementary strand of DNA.
This procedure is necessary for maintaining the genetic code in living things and for the correct transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.
DNA polymerase is the enzyme that connects nucleotides to create a new complementary helix of DNA. A crucial enzyme in DNA replication, which is how cells create copies of their DNA, is DNA polymerase.
During DNA replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides one by one in a specific sequence in accordance with the base-pairing rules to create a new complementary strand of DNA using one strand of DNA as a template. (A with T, and C with G).
Additionally, DNA polymerase checks for and fixes any mistakes that might emerge during DNA replication to make sure the new DNA strands are exact and faithful duplicates of the original DNA.
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what are the different characteristics of a single celled organism.
Answer:
Single-celled organisms are able to carry out all the processes of life without help from other cells
Which RNA bases would pair with CCG TAA in transcription?
Answer:
GGC AUU, in transcription pair for RNA, Uracil is present instead of Thymine.
Which of the following is true about the sugar molecules in plants
1. The sugar molecules are made by plants
2. The sugar molecules come from the soil
3. The sugar molecules are one of many sources of food for plants
4. The sugar molecules are made from molecules of water and minerals
The sugar molecules are made by plants during photosynthesis.
How sugar molecules in plant are made?Plants are autotrophic in nutrition. During photosynthesis, using water sunlight is converted into energy and sugar molecule like glucose within the plant cells.
Plants store excess glucose in form of starch (polyglucan).
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Why are animal vacuoles so small?
Answer:
Animal cells have small vacuoles because they don't need to store as much water as other organisms such as plants.
Explanation:
Hope this helps
P.S can i have a brainliest/crown
How would you explain the key concepts for the CWA in less than two minutes?
Answer:
Explanation:
vPoint Source - a source of water discharged to surface water through a discrete point - generally through a pipe, ditch, or channel.
Nonpoint Source - Nonpoint sources, such as parking lots or athletic fields, discharge runoff water to groundwater or surface water; runoff does not come from a pipe, ditch, or channel. These sources may contain pollutants such as pesticides, motor oil, and soaps.
Navigable Waters of the United States For the purposes of the Clean Water Act, the term "navigable waters" includes:
all waters used in commerce, including groundwater;
all interstate waters including wetlands, mudflats, and sand-flats; and
all other waters such as lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands and sloughs.
EPA policy states, "The majority of facilities in the U.S. have the potential to discharge to navigable waters." The Supreme Court decision in (2006) requires the Army Corps of Engineers and the EPA to determine whether there is a "significant nexus" between a navigable waterway and an area a spill might affect. In June of 2007, EPA and the Army Corps of Engineers released provisional interpretive guidance regarding the "significant nexus” question. According to this guidance, the agencies will assert jurisdiction over traditional navigable waters, wetlands adjacent thereto, and relatively permanent tributaries thereof. The agencies will generally not assert jurisdiction over swales and ditches that lack routine water flow. Finally, the agencies will apply the "significant nexus" requirement and make a case-by-case, fact-specific analysis on impermanent tributaries and other wetlands.
Additional executive orders were issued 2015 in 2019. Under the 2019 proposal, traditional navigable waters, tributaries to those waters, certain ditches, certain lakes and ponds, impoundments of jurisdictional waters, and wetlands adjacent to jurisdictional waters would be federally regulated. It also details what are not "waters of the United States," such as features that only contain water during or in response to rainfall (e.g., ephemeral features); groundwater; many ditches, including most roadside or farm ditches; prior converted cropland; stormwater control features; and waste treatment systems.
Could the requirement for one or more NPDES Discharge Permit apply to my campus?
If your campus discharges pollutants directly to navigable waters of the United States through a point source, you must obtain an NPDES permit or redirect the flow of the waste.
Stormwater releases from certain activities require an NPDES permit. The most common activities on college campuses requiring NPDES permits for stormwater are construction activities disturbing more than 1 acre, hazardous waste storage areas operating under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act permit system, steam-generating power plants, and airports. See Stormwater section below.
Regulations issued by local water authorities, or Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), not NPDES permits, govern discharges into sanitary sewer systems. See Sewer Use (POTW) section below for more information about requirements for using POTWs for commercial or industrial waste disposal.
What do I have to do related to NPDES Discharge Permits?
Determine where wastewater flows from buildings and processes on your campus. Any industrial or commercial operation (e.g., ice rink melt pits, floor drains, and vehicle wash stations) that discharge into a water of the United States may require an NPDES permit. If required, you must obtain such a permit from the appropriate regulatory agency, probably your state environmental agency.
French drains, dry wells, and septic system leach fields are different from point source discharges because they do not immediately affect surface water. Some state and federal environmental agencies manage these systems under the Underground Injection Control program, part of the Safe Drinking Water Act. See Safe Drinking Water Act for more information.
Details of NPDES
what is the chemical composition of earth's core?
Answer: metal—specifically, iron and nickel.
Explanation: Unlike the mineral-rich crust and mantle, the core is made almost entirely of metal—specifically, iron and nickel. The shorthand used for the core's iron-nickel alloys is simply the elements' chemical symbols—NiFe.
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. The average adult (like Hank) is _________% water, ________% protein, _______% fat, _______% minerals, and _______% carbohydrates. 2. All the macromolecules that make you up come from ______________________________. 3. __________________________ reactions destroy the reactants that you give them, making big, complex substances smaller and __________________________ reactions reassemble the smaller products into new, bigger products. The processes behind these two sets of reactions make up your
Answer:
1. 62 percent water, 16 percent fat, 16 percent protein, 6 percent minerals, and less than 1 percent carbohydrate, along with very small amounts of vitamins and other miscellaneous substances.
2. Food.
3. Catabolic, Anabolic, Metabolism
According to an August 2011 report from a government research laboratory, the amount of carbon dioxide (in parts per million) in the Earth's atmosphere increased by almost 25% between 1958 and 2011. The graph below illustrates this increase as well as the yearly cycle, which is driven by the seasons. Image courtesy of NOAA If a student wants to understand what has led to this increase, what is the best scientific question he or she could ask an expert?
A.
How many different processes remove water vapor from the atmosphere?
B.
Does the Earth receive more direct sunlight today than it did 50 years ago?
C.
Are average global temperatures today greater than they were 50 years ago?
D.
What processes add significant amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
Answer:
The best scientific question that a student could ask an expert to understand what has led to the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is: "What processes add significant amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?" This question directly addresses the cause of the observed increase and would allow the student to gain a deeper understanding of the contributing factors. The other options are not directly related to the issue of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, and therefore would not provide the most relevant information for understanding the phenomenon.
During which month is carrying capacity most likely to be limited by water?
O A. August
• B. November
c. September
O D. June
The month that is carrying capacity that is most likely to be limited by water is: c. September.
What is the carrying capacity?This is due to the graph's apparent abrupt dip in water level around September, which indicates a decrease in the amount of available water resources.
As a result, the low water supply during this month may limit the carrying capacity, which refers to the maximum number of people that an area can support sustainably.
Therefore the correct option is C.
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Answer:
A
Explanation:
Put the following events that occur at the neuromuscular junction in their correct order. A-Sodium enters the muscle fiber, creating an end-plate potential. B-Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft. C-An action potential reaches the presynaptic membrane. D-Neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. E-Sodium channels on the motor end plate open.
Answer:
C-An action potential reaches the presynaptic membrane.
E-Sodium channels on the motor end plate open.
A-Sodium enters the muscle fiber, creating an end-plate potential.
B-Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.
D-Neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane.
Explanation:
In the neuromuscular junction, there is a presynaptic membrane, a postsynaptic membrane, and between these two, there is a gap called the synaptic cleft.
First, an action potential reaches the presynaptic membrane, causing the opening of sodium channels and the entering of Sodium ions to the muscle fiber creating an endplate potential. As a consequence of this, the neurotransmitters contained in vesicles travel down up to the presynaptic membrane, where they release their content into the synaptic cleft. Then, the neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the ion channels of the postsynaptic terminal. This causes the opening of the ion channels and a rush of ion Sodium to the inside of the postsynaptic membrane, creating an action potential that will travel from cell to cell.
Arranging the following events based on their mode of occurrence is at the neuromuscular junction ;
An action potential reaches the presynaptic membrane ( C )Sodium channels on the motor end plate open. ( E ) Sodium enters the muscle fiber, creating an end-plate potential.( A ) Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft ( B ) Neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane ( D )The neuromuscular junction is composed of presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane and a synaptic cleft. The events that occurs at the neuromuscular joints starts with an action potential reaching the presynaptic membrane which leads to the entrance of sodium ion into muscle fibers due to the opening of the sodium channels. The neurotransmitter travels through the presynaptic membrane and empties its content into the synaptic cleft.
Hence we can conclude that Arranging the following events based on their mode of occurrence is at the neuromuscular junction is ; C , E , A , B and D
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Muscle that is found around organs such as the intestines and blood vessels is known as:
A. Striated muscle
B. Voluntary muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
D. Involuntary muscle
Answer: D Involuntary muscle
Explanation: The muscle that is found around organs such as the intestines and blood vessels is known as the smooth muscle, but another word for smooth muscle is the Involuntary muscle. Sorry if it’s wrong.
Answers
A. a snake and a lizard
B. A tuna and a sparrow
C. A robin and a salamander
D. A frog and a salmon
Answer:
c......... they share the most traits