Answers
According to the explanation given in a previous session about mixtures, in this case we have the only homogeneous solution, which will present itself with only 1 phase, letter A is this solution, because carbonated water, when there is no bubbles looks like a homogeneous solution. Therefore letter A
Related Questions
An aqueous solution is 15.0% methanol (CH;O) by mass and has a density of 0.998 g/mL. Calculate thea. Molarityb. Molalityc. Xa
Answers
INFORMATION:
We know that:
- An aqueous solution is 15.0% methanol (CH4O) by mass and has a density of 0.998 g/mL
And we must calculate molarity, molality and Xa
STEP BY STEP EXPLANATION:
First, we must analyze the given information:
15.0% methanol (CH4O) by mass means,
mass of methanol = 15 g
mass of water (solvent) = 85 g = 0.085 kg
mass of solution = 100 g
Now, we can calculate:
a. Molarity
To calculate it, we must use the following formula
\(Molarity=\frac{no.\text{ }moles}{volume\text{ }of\text{ }solution\text{ }in\text{ }liters}\)The solution has a density of 0.998 g/mL
Using that,
\(\begin{gathered} Volume=\frac{mass}{density} \\ Volume=\frac{100g}{0.998\frac{g}{mL}}=100.2004mL=0.1002L \end{gathered}\)Now, calculating no. of moles
\(no.\text{ }of\text{ }moles=\frac{15g}{46.07\frac{g}{mol}}=0.3256mol\)Finally, replacing the values in the formula for Molarity
\(Molarity=\frac{0.3256mol}{0.1002L}=3.2495\frac{mol}{L}\)b. Molality
To calculate it, we must use the following formula
\(Molality=\frac{no.\text{ }of\text{ }moles}{mass\text{ }of\text{ }solvent\text{ }in\text{ }Kg}\)Now, replacing the values in the formula
\(Molality=\frac{0.3256mol}{0.085Kg}=3.8306\text{ }m\)c. Xa (mole fraction)
\(no.\text{ }of\text{ }moles\text{ }of\text{ }water=\frac{85g}{18.02\frac{g}{mol}}=4.72mol\)Now, the total moles would be
\(\text{ Total moles}=(4.72+0.3256)mol=5.0456mol\)Then, the mole fraction
\(\frac{0.3256}{5.0456}=0.0645\)ANSWER:
a. 3.2495 mol/L
b. 3.8306 m
c. 0.0645
When swimmers get out of the pool and sit in the sun, their wet skin dries quickly. What happens to the water?
O it condenses and moves to plants and trees.
O it is pulled up into the sun by gravity.
O it evaporates and moves into the air.
O it becomes part of the groundwater.
Answers
Answer:
It evaporates and moves into the air.
Explanation:
When water is left out for a while, it evaporates into the air! :)
What did you include in your question? Check all that apply. examines the effect of mass examines the effect of different materials contains at least two variables
Answers
The sample response is : how do mass and the type of material affect thermal energy transfer?
So one need to have include the below factors in your answer:
Examines the effect of mass Examines the effect of different materialsContains at least two variablesWhat is the thermal energy transfer?The mass of an object influences allure thermal strength transfer traits. Generally, objects accompanying best public have greater warm strength depository volume.
They can absorb more heat strength before experience a meaningful change in hotness. If an equal amount of heat is used to both objects, the object accompanying better mass will demand more heat strength to raise allure temperature distinguished to the object accompanying tinier mass .
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. In this experiment, you need to examine the idea of the thermal energy transfer. Using a controlled experiment, what might a good question about the variables that affect thermal energy transfer be? Thermal energy transfer depends on many properties, be limit your question to only two. What did you include in your question?
The data in the table below represents the pressure of the gas as the temperature changes. Plot a graph of this data, using the blank graph provided below. Draw a trend line and calculate its slope. How are the variables related? What will the pressure of the gas be at 0°C?
Answers
Answer: A
Explanation:
A crystal of potassium permanganate is placed in a beaker of water. The purple colour of potassium permanganate gradually spreads throughout the water by diffusion Explain, using the kinetic particle theory, how this process occurs.
Answers
When the crystals of potassium permanganate are preserved in water, the purple-coloured crystals of potassium permanganate break further into smaller particles that populate the distance between the molecules of water imparting a purple colour to the water. This is an example of diffusion.
What are the two conclusions given out in the method of diffusion?
Diffusion is the process of movement of solvent from higher concentration to lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane. So, we can form the decision that it cannot occur through a thick membrane from which small molecules cannot pass through.
What is difference between osmosis and diffusion?Osmosis is the direction of solvent particles from a solution that is diluted to a more concentrated one. In contrast, diffusion is the movement of particles from a higher concentration region to a part of lower concentration.
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How is steel made from the raw product of the blast furnace known
as "pig iron"? What are the advantages of using steel?
List references used (if any were used) to answer this question.
Answers
Steel is produced from pig iron through a process known as steelmaking or iron and steel production.
The pig iron obtained from the blast furnace contains high amounts of carbon, impurities, and other elements. To convert pig iron into steel, the carbon content needs to be reduced to desired levels, and impurities must be removed.One common method of steelmaking is the basic oxygen process (BOP). In this process, pig iron is placed in a vessel called a converter, where oxygen is blown through the molten metal. The oxygen reacts with the carbon and impurities, causing them to oxidize and form gases that are released. Alloying elements and desired additives can be added at this stage to achieve specific steel properties. Another method is the electric arc furnace (EAF), where an electric arc is used to heat and melt the pig iron, allowing impurities to be oxidized and removed.The advantages of using steel are numerous. Steel is strong, durable, and versatile, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. It has high tensile strength, which means it can withstand heavy loads and pressures. Steel is also resistant to corrosion, making it ideal for construction, infrastructure, and transportation projects. It is a recyclable material, contributing to sustainability and reducing environmental impact. Additionally, steel can be fabricated into various shapes and sizes, allowing for customization and flexibility in design.References:
A. Ghosh and A. Chatterjee, Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Theory and Practice, PHI Learning, 2008.
R.H. Tupkary and V.R. Tupkary, An Introduction to Modern Iron Making, Khanna Publishers, 2010.
J.R. Davis, ed., ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon and Alloy Steels, ASM International, 1995.
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Can you have a pH thats in decimals? For example .3 or .4?
Answers
A pH of 4 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 5.
Yes, pH can have decimal values. In fact, pH values can range from 0 to 14 and can have any value between them including decimals. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, and it is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution.A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral, which means that it has an equal concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). An acidic solution has a pH below 7 and a high concentration of H+ ions. On the other hand, an alkaline solution has a pH above 7 and a low concentration of H+ ions.A pH that is less than 7.0 indicates acidity. pH less than 7.0 is acidic while pH greater than 7.0 is alkaline. Each number on the pH scale represents a ten-fold change in the acidity/alkalinity of the solution. For example, a pH of 5 is 10 times more acidic than a pH of 6, and 100 times more acidic than a pH of 7.A pH of 0 indicates a very strong acidic solution while a pH of 14 indicates a very strong alkaline solution. It's worth noting that pH is a logarithmic scale, meaning that a change of one pH unit corresponds to a ten-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration.
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There several major steps in the single-solvent recrystallization experiment. Which of the following are the necessary steps? Select all that applies. Choose the appropriate solvent. Dissolve the solute in the warm solvent using minimum amount of solvent. Performing a gravity filtration and/or vacuum filtration to collect the solute. Dry the solute.
Answers
Single-solvent recrystallization is a laboratory technique used to purify solid compounds.
The necessary steps are:
Choose the appropriate solvent: It is important to choose a solvent that has a high solubility for the solute at elevated temperatures and a low solubility at room temperature.
Dissolve the solute in the warm solvent: The solute is dissolved in a minimum amount of the chosen solvent and heated until it is fully dissolved.
Performing a filtration: The mixture is then filtered to separate the solute from any impurities or undissolved solids. Gravity filtration or vacuum filtration can be used.
Dry the solute: Finally, the purified solute is dried by evaporating any remaining solvent.
In summary, the necessary steps for a single-solvent recrystallization experiment are choosing the appropriate solvent, dissolving the solute in the warm solvent, performing a filtration, and drying the solute.
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In an experiment 4.5kg of candle was completely burnt. Th e heat produced was measured to be 180.000kj. Calculate the calorific value of the candle.
Answers
The calorific value of the candle is 40 J/g.
How to calculate calorific value?The calorific value (CV) of the candle is the amount of heat energy released when 1 kg of the candle is burned.
To calculate the CV, first convert the mass of the candle burnt from kg to g:
4.5 kg = 4500 g
Next, use the formula:
CV = Heat produced / Mass of candle burnt
where heat produced is in joules and mass of candle burnt is in grams.
First, let's convert the heat produced from kJ to J:
180.000 kJ = 180000 J
Now calculate the CV:
CV = 180000 J / 4500 g
CV = 40 J/g
Therefore, the calorific value of the candle is 40 J/g.
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HELP ME OMG
A sample of xenon gas collected at a pressure of 1.15 atm and a temperature of 279 K is found to
occupy a volume of 786 milliliters. How many moles of Xe gas are in the sample?
mol
Answers
n = 0.0395 mol Xe
Explanation:
Use the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
n = PV/RT
= (1.15 atm)(0.786 L)/(0.08205 L-atm/mol-K)(279K)
= 0.0395 mol Xe
Which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
The molecules of liquid water have less kinetic energy than those of water
vapor
The molecules of liquid water interact with one another, and those of water
vapor do not
The molecules of liquid water and water vapor have a different atomic
composition
The molecules of liquid water are bigger than the molecules of water vapor.
Answers
Place these hydrocarbons in order of decreasing boiling point. Rank from highest to lowest boiling point. 1. Paraffin, C40Hg2 2. Propane, G2H53. Hexane, C6H14 4. 2,2-dimethylbutane, C6 H14 5. Heptadecane, C17H36A. Highest BPB. Highest BP
Answers
Answer:
Paraffin > Heptadecane > Hexane > 2,2-dimethylbutane > Propane
Explanation:
It must first be establish that all the molecules listed in the question are alkanes. For alkanes, the intermolecular forces between the molecules of alkanes increases with increasing molecular weight. This is as a result of increase in the surface area of the molecule. Increase in surface area implies a greater degree of dispersion forces.
This is the reason why high boiling points are observed for high molecular weight alkanes.
I WILL GIVE 30 POINTS TO THOSE WHO ANSWER THIS QUESTION RIGHT NOOOO SCAMS PLEASE
Answers
The general gas equation, commonly referred to as the ideal gas law, represents the state of a fictitious ideal gas through an equation. Here the mass of helium gas required to pressurize 86 L tank to 201 atm is 2561.8 g.
According to the ideal gas law, the sum of the absolute temperature of the gas and the universal gas constant is equal to the product of the pressure and volume of one gram of an ideal gas.
The ideal gas equation is given as:
PV = nRT
n = PV / RT
56°C = 329 K
n = 201 × 86 / 0.08206 × 329 = 640.45 mol
Molar mass of 'He' = 4.00 g / mol
Mass = 640.45 × 4.00 = 2561.8 g
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Can H2 be broken down? (Not H)
Answers
Hello, this is Bing. I can help you with your question. Based on the information I found on the web, **H2** can be broken down into its two atoms of hydrogen (H) by supplying enough energy to overcome the bond that holds them together⁴. This process is called **dissociation** and requires an energy equal to or greater than the **dissociation energy** of H2, which is about 436 kJ/mol⁴.
One way to break down H2 is by using **electricity** to split water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) through a process called **electrolysis**¹. In this process, water is decomposed into its elements by passing an electric current through it. The electric current is provided by a battery or another source of electricity and the water needs to have an **electrolyte**, such as salt or acid, added to it to make it conductive¹. Two electrodes, usually made of metal or other conductive material, are inserted into the water and connected to the battery. The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the battery is called the **anode** and the one connected to the negative terminal is called the **cathode**¹. When the electric current flows through the water, hydrogen gas bubbles form at the cathode and oxygen gas bubbles form at the anode¹. The overall chemical reaction for electrolysis of water is:
2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2
Another way to break down H2 is by using **heat** to cause a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that produces water and releases a large amount of energy. This reaction is called **combustion** or **oxidation** and can be ignited by a spark or a flame³. The reaction is very fast and explosive and can be dangerous if not controlled. The overall chemical reaction for combustion of hydrogen is:
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
I hope this helps you understand how H2 can be broken down and what methods are used to do so.
The attraction that nonpolar molecules have for each other is primarily caused by the presence of what?
Answers
(a) Van der Waal's forces. Van der Waal's forces are weak electrostatic interactions between non-polar molecules.
These weak forces arise from the fluctuating dipoles within the molecules, which cause temporary charges to develop and attract each other. This attraction leads to the formation of weak intermolecular bonds, which are mainly responsible for the attraction between non-polar molecules. These forces are weak in comparison to other intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding and ionic bonds, but are still important for the stability of non-polar molecules and their ability to dissolve in other non-polar solvents.Van der Waals forces are attractive intermolecular forces between molecules caused by the fluctuating dipole moments of molecules.
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complete question:The attraction that non-polar molecules have for each other is primarily caused by —
(a) Van der Waal's forces (b) Difference in electronegativities
(c) Hydrogen bonding (d) High ionisation energy
Consider the substances below and predict in which of these substances is hydrogen bonding likely to play an important role in determining physical properties: CH4, H2NNH2, CH3, H2S. A. CH4 B. CH3 C. H2NNH2 D. All of the substances. E. H2S
Answers
Explanation:
the otion correct is H2S
write the structural formula for 2-bromo-3-chloro-4,4-dimethylpentanal
Answers
Answer:
Br-CH2-CH(CH3)2-C(Cl)H-CH(CH3)2-CHO
Explanation:
The molecule has a total of 14 carbon atoms, 13 hydrogen atoms, and 1 bromine atom. The carbon atoms are arranged in a chain with a methyl group attached to the second carbon atom, a chlorine atom attached to the third carbon atom, and two methyl groups attached to the fourth carbon atom. The fifth carbon atom has a carbonyl group attached to it.
The molecule is an aldehyde, which means that it has a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the chain. The carbonyl group is polar, and the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge. The hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge. This polarity makes the aldehyde group susceptible to nucleophilic attack.
The bromine and chlorine atoms are both electrophilic, which means that they have a partial positive charge. This makes them susceptible to nucleophilic attack.
The methyl groups are non-polar and do not have any significant reactivity.
The molecule is a chiral molecule, which means that it has a mirror image that is not superimposable on itself. This is because the carbon atom with the carbonyl group is attached to four different groups.
The molecule is a liquid at room temperature and has a strong odor. It is used in a variety of products, including perfumes, flavorings, and plastics.
PLEASE HELP!!!!
Why are dichotomous keys used?
A. They help with species identification
B. They help us identify everything from plants to minerals based on shared characteristics
C. They help organize a set of species or objects in a neat, easy to read diagram with branches
D. All of the above
Answers
the answer is D all of the above
Use the dichotomous key below to identify the cell type.
Animal cell
Fungal cell
Bacterial cell
Plant cell
Answers
The dichotomous key is not given here, however, the correct dichotomous key is as follows:
step- 1a cell has a nucleus and organelles - go to step 2
1b cell has no nucleus or organelles - bacterial cell
step- 2a cell has a cell wall - go to step 3
2b cell has no cell wall - animal cell
step- 3a cell has chloroplasts - plant cell
3b cell has no chloroplasts - fungal cell
Using this dichotomous key the cell can be identified as - Fungal cell.
A dichotomous key is an essential scientific tool that is used to find out the various kinds of organisms on their observable traits. Dichotomous keys have a series of statements with two different choices in each step that will take the student or user to the correct identification.
Identification of the given cell:
1. Follow step 1.
If cells have a nucleus and organelles - yes then go to step 22. follow step 2.
2a. if cell has a cell wall - yes go to step 33. follow step 3.
3a. if cell has chloroplasts - no then fungal cellFungal cells have a nucleus and cell organelles enclosed with a cell wall around the plasma membrane but do not have chloroplast.
Thus, Using this dichotomous key the cell can be identified as - Fungal cell.
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Answer:
its a i took the test
Explanation:
The United States has about which percentage of the world's coal reserves?
A.5%
B.20%
C.50%
D.90%
Answers
Answer:
The United States leads the world with over 260 billion short tons of recoverable coal reserves—28% of total global reserves and 50% more than Russia, which possesses the world's second largest reserves. so the answer would be 28%
Explanation:
Answer: The Correct answer is B, 20
Explanation:
I took the test and I got it right
which element forms the skeleton of this polymer?
a.carbon
b.copper
c.hydrogen
d.oxygen
Answers
Answer: A - Carbon
Explanation: Hope this helps!
A). Carbon
I hope this helped you ! :)
Explain why people tend to wear light- colored clothing during the warmer months of the year. Use evidence and scientific reasoning to support your answer
Answers
Answer:
because dark colours like black attract light (sun) and heat. light colors reflect more light, (it absorbs less energy and heat from the sun)
Answer:
Because Black color absorbs light better than light-colored.
for example have you ever seen the black car on the road if you touch it very hotter than white car
1. White is the most reflective color. Does not absorb heat like black Make the house not hot.
2. White has the least radiation exposure. Therefore, during the winter night, it will help retain heat for a while. 3. Because white absorbs light as little as possible. Causing the pigment to deteriorate slowly Unlike black that absorbs light well. Causing the color to deteriorate and fade quickly until noticeable
4. If the house next to you is painted white during the day, it will help reflect light into the house.
Why that black color absorbs heat? Even though it abosrbs the light? It comes from the principle that (Substance or material) Black is what absorbs (absorbs) light in every technology.
It absorbs all widths of light, including infrared light. (The infrared itself is hot.)
Black repels self-heating the most because of all colors of light. But there is justice.
A cube of iron and a cube of wood, each having a volume of V = 3.25 10-4 m3, are each placed in a large beaker of water. The density of the wood is rhowood = 3.73 102 kg/m3 and the density of the iron is rhoiron = 7.86 103 kg/m3. Calculate the buoyant force on each. (The cube of wood is allowed to float at the surface.)
Answers
Answer:
anor277
Nov 17, 2017
Well, by definition,
Molarity
≡
Moles of solute
Volume of solution
Explanation:
And thus...
moles of solute
=
molarity
×
volume
We use a molar quantity of
80.3
⋅
g
174.01
⋅
g
⋅
m
o
l
−
1
=
0.461
⋅
m
o
l
with respect to
potassium sulfate
And thus
volume
=
moles of solute
molarity
80.3
⋅
g
174.01
⋅
g
⋅
m
o
l
−
1
3.12
⋅
m
o
l
⋅
L
−
1
=
0.148
⋅
L
.
The buoyant force is one that acts against the weight of an object suspended in a fluid. The value of the buoyant force on each are:
i. Buoyant force on the cube of iron = 25.0 N
ii. Buoyant force on the cube of wood = 1.20 N
Upthrust is a force which acts against the direction of the weight of an object when suspended in a fluid. It acts majorly upwards against gravity, and it can be referred to as a buoyant force.
The amount of upthrust on object in a fluid sometimes depends on the density, volume and gravity acting on the object.
So that;
Upthrust = density x volume x gravity
Thus from the given question;
i. The buoyant force on the cube of iron can be determined by:
Upthrust = 7.86 x \(10^{3}\) * 3.25 x \(10^{-4}\) * 9.8
= 25.034
Upthrust = 25.0 N
Therefore, the buoyant force on the cube of iron is 25.0 N.
ii. The buoyant force on the cube of wood can be determined by:
Upthrust = 3.73 x \(10^{2}\) * 3.25 x \(10^{-4}\) * 9.8
= 1.1880
Upthrust = 1.20 N
Therefore, the buoyant force on the cube of wood is 1.20 N.
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A sheet of aluminum foil has a volume of 0.555 cm3. If the foil measures 10.0 cm by 10.0 cm, what is the thickness of the foil?
Answers
Answer: B) 0.005 55 cm
Hope you have a blessed day!
Which statement is true about space technology? (1 point)
a
It has made air travel safer because photopolarimeters are used to send signals while flying at high altitudes.
b
It has made road vehicles safer because magnetometers are used to detect particles found in radiation emitted during combustion of fuel.
c
It has impacted air quality because magnetometers are used to detect particles found in radiation emitted during combustion of fuel.
d
It has impacted medical science because the infrared thermometers used on Earth were originally designed to measure the temperature on Mars.
Answers
The fact that the infrared thermometers used in medical research were first intended to detect the temperature on Mars has had an impact on that field of study.
What exactly is the idea behind space technology?Technology for use in outer space, in aviation or other operations outside of Earth's atmosphere, for things like spaceflight, space exploration, and Earth observation, is referred to as space technology.
What function does space technology serve?By enabling high-speed data transport with the development of the internet, enabling research of global natural phenomena, and enabling environmental monitoring, space technology started to be employed for telecommunications and the environment.
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4. A silver bar with a mass of 300 grams is heated from 30 °C to 55 °C. How much heat does the silver ber absorb in joules? In kilojoules? The specific heat of silver is 0.235 g C
Answers
A silver bar with the mass of the 300 grams is heated from the 30 °C to 55 °C. The amount heat does the silver bar absorb in the joules is 1762.5 J.
The mass of the silver bar = 300 g
The initial temperature = 30 °C
The final temperature = 55 °C
The heat energy is expressed as :
Q = mc ΔT
Where,
The m is mass of the silver bar = 300 g
The c is the specific heat capacity = 0.235 J/g °C
The ΔT is the change in the temperature = final temperature - initial temperature
The ΔT is the change in the temperature = 55 °C - 30 °C
The ΔT is the change in the temperature = 25 °C
The heat energy, Q = 300 × 0.235 × 25
The heat energy, Q = 1762.5 J
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What type of radioactive decay is illustrated by the following nuclear equation? N ->0 + e positron emission b. alpha decay beta decay gamma production helium emission wnar nroni Search
Answers
A nuclear equation can be used to represent alpha decay. If the total numbers of protons and neutrons on both sides of the arrow are equal, the equation is balanced.
While all radioactive decay poses a threat to life, alpha decay poses the least threat. beta decay The transformation of the uranium-238 nucleus into the thorium-234 nucleus is an illustration of this decay. Half-lives are another unit used to express the rate of nuclear decay. A particular isotope's half-life is the amount of time it takes for its radioactivity to decay by half. A radioisotope having a half-life of 14 days will have had half of its atoms decay within that time frame. For instance, after generating intermediates like Uranium-234, Thorium-230, and Lead-206, the decay chain that starts with Uranium-238 ends in Lead-206.
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The total length of
mid-ocean ridge spreading centers is about 80,000 km. The average
spreading rate of ridges is 1.25 cm/yr. Calculate the area of new
ocean crust that forms each year.
Answers
Answer: In fact, all of the major landforms that we find on the continents ... Mid-ocean ridges, also called seafloor-spreading centers, are long, ... 1 km = 100,000 cm or 1 x 105 cm ... a mid-ocean ridge with a SLOW spreading rate (1 to 5 cm/yr, full rate).
Explanation:
As the Earth's tectonic plates separate, new ocean bottom is generated along divergent plate borders, which are known as mid-ocean ridges. Massive basalt volcanic eruptions result from molten rock rising to the seafloor as the plates divide.
What is mid-ocean ridge?A mid-ocean ridge is a system of seafloor mountains formed by plate tectonics. It is typically about 2,600 meters deep and rises about 2,000 meters above the deepest part of an ocean basin. This feature occurs when seafloor spreading occurs along a divergent plate boundary. Mid-ocean ridges are geologically significant because they occur along the type of plate boundary that creates new ocean floor as the plates spread apart. As a result, the mid-ocean ridge is also referred to as a "spreading center" or a "divergent plate boundary." The plates separated at rates ranging from 1 cm to 20 cm per year.To learn more about Mid-ocean ridge, refer to:
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N⁻³ and Na⁺ have same
A Atomic no.
B Mass No.
C No. of electrons
D No. of neutrons
Answers
Answer:
C.) No. of electrons
Explanation:
A.) is incorrect. The atomic number represents the number of protons in an element. Nitrogen (N) and sodium (Na) always have a differing amount of protons.
B.) is incorrect. The mass number represents the number of protons and neutrons in an element. The number of neutrons and protons are specific to each element (disregarding isotopes). When elements ionize, these amounts are not altered.
C.) is correct. When an element becomes an ion, the number of electrons change. When nitrogen gains 3 electrons and sodium loses 1 electron, they end up having the same number of electrons (10).
D.) is incorrect. When elements ionize, the number of neutrons does not change. The only way two different elements could have the same number of neutrons is if at least one of the elements is an isotope. Isotopes are two or more atoms of the same element that differ in their amounts of neutrons.
4. in the first synthetic step (the synthesis of the adipoyl chloride), why was it necessary to allow the reaction to progress for 90 minutes? write/draw a balanced equation for each of the chlorinating steps of this reaction. (~3-4 sentences)
Answers
The first synthetic step (the synthesis of the adipoyl chloride), it was necessary to allow the reaction to progress for 90 minutes is 2\(C_{6} H_{1} 0O_{4}\)+ 4 \(SOCl_{2}\) → 4 \(C_{6} H_{8} Cl_{2}O_{2} }\) + 4\(SO_{2}\)+ 2 \(H_{2} O_{4}\) \(C_{6} H_{8} Cl_{2}O_{2} }\) + 4 NaOH → 2 \(C_{12} H_{18}O_{9} }\) + 4 NaCl + 2 \(H_{2} O\) .
In because it took that long to get a sufficient yield of the product. A balanced equation for each of the chlorinating steps of this reaction is shown below: The reaction was allowed to progress for 90 minutes to ensure that the synthesis of adipoyl chloride was complete and that the reactants had enough time to fully react. This extended reaction time allows for a higher yield and better conversion of the starting materials.
The balanced equation for the chlorination steps is:
\(C_{6} H_{1} 0O_{4}\) (adipic acid) + 2 \(SOCl_{2}\) (thionyl chloride) -> \(C_{6} H_{8} Cl_{2}O_{2} }\) (adipoyl chloride) + 2 \(SO_{2}\) (sulfur dioxide) + 2 HCl (hydrogen chloride).
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