11. explain the differences between specific (adaptive) and non-specific (innate) defenses against pathogens.
Answers
The differences between specific and nonspecific defenses against pathogens is that specific defenses are adaptive and non-specific defenses are innate.
The characteristic difference between specific and non specific defense is that specific defense are adaptive, meaning that they change and become more effective over time in response to exposure to a pathogen, while non-specific defense are innate, meaning that they are not affected by exposure to a pathogen.
Adaptive immunity is acquired through exposure to a pathogen and results in the production of antibodies that specifically target that pathogen.
Innate immunity is present at birth and does not require prior exposure to a pathogen. It includes physical barriers (such as skin and mucous membranes), chemical defenses (such as stomach acid), and cells that attack foreign invaders (such as macrophages).
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Related Questions
Which of the following statements concerning chromosomes is/are true? Select all that apply.
selectk All That Apply
Chromosomes are composed of DNA and packaging proteins called histones so they may fit tightly into the nucleus of a cell.Chromosomes are composed of DNA and packaging proteins called histones so they may fit tightly into the nucleus of a cell.
Located on each chromosome are segments of DNA known as genes or units of inheritance that code for functional products.Located on each chromosome are segments of DNA known as genes or units of inheritance that code for functional products.
Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes and the same allele combination.Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes and the same allele combination.
DNA replication occurs prior to the cell cycle, in which copies of each homologous chromosomes are made and each of these copies are called sister chromatids.DNA replication occurs prior to the cell cycle, in which copies of each homologous chromosomes are made and each of these copies are called sister chromatids.
After replication, sister chromatids, which are identical copies of a chromosome, contain identical allele combinations.After replication, sister chromatids, which are identical copies of a chromosome, contain identical allele combinations.
The ultimate purpose of sexual reproduction and replicating chromosomes is to pass on a copy of a cell’s genes to the next generation of cells within the body.The ultimate purpose of sexual reproduction and replicating chromosomes is to pass on a copy of a cell’s genes to the next generation of cells within the body.
Answers
The true statements concerning chromosomes are:
1. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and packaging proteins called histones so they may fit tightly into the nucleus of a cell.
2. Located on each chromosome are segments of DNA known as genes or units of inheritance that code for functional products.
3. Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes and the same allele combination.
4. DNA replication occurs prior to the cell cycle, in which copies of each homologous chromosomes are made, and each of these copies is called sister chromatids.
5. After replication, sister chromatids, which are identical copies of a chromosome, contain identical allele combinations.
6. The ultimate purpose of sexual reproduction and replicating chromosomes is to pass on a copy of a cell's genes to the next generation of cells within the body.
1. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and histones, which are proteins that help in packaging the DNA. This packaging allows the long DNA molecule to fit tightly into the nucleus of a cell.
2. Genes are located on chromosomes. They are segments of DNA that contain instructions for building functional products like proteins. These genes serve as the units of inheritance, carrying genetic information from one generation to the next.
3. Homologous chromosomes refer to the two copies of each chromosome in a diploid cell. While they contain the same genes, they may have different alleles, or versions of those genes, which contribute to genetic variation.
4. DNA replication occurs before the cell cycle. During replication, each chromosome's DNA is copied, resulting in two identical sister chromatids attached at a central region called the centromere. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes during cell division.
5. Sister chromatids are exact copies of each other because they are formed through DNA replication. They contain identical allele combinations since they originated from the same chromosome.
6. The purpose of sexual reproduction and the replication of chromosomes is to pass on a copy of the cell's genes to the next generation of cells within the body. This ensures the transmission of genetic information, allowing for the development of new individuals with unique combinations of genes.
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to produce a human gene in goat's milk, you would fuse: please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choicesA. the coding region of a human gene to the coding region of a goat gene. B. regulatory elements from a protein produced in goat's milk to the coding region of the human gene. C. regulatory elements from a human protein to the human coding region. D. regulatory elements from a human protein to the coding region of a protein produced in goat's milk. E. the regulatory elements from a goat-milk protein to the regulatory elements from a human protein.
Answers
Regulatory elements from a human protein to the coding region of a protein produced in goat's milk. The correct answer is D.
This process involves combining the regulatory elements from a human protein with the coding region of a protein that is produced in goat's milk. The combination of these elements results in a new gene which can be expressed in goat's milk.
To produce a human gene in goat's milk, you would fuse the coding region of a human gene to the coding region of a goat gene. Gene expression is the process by which genetic instructions are transformed into a functional gene product such as a protein. The gene expression process, which includes transcription and translation, enables an organism to produce the necessary protein required for life. To produce a human gene in goat's milk, a human gene coding region must be fused with the coding region of a goat gene.
Therefore, The correct answer is D. regulatory elements from a human protein to the coding region of a protein produced in goat's milk.
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which step in the scientific method is next after making a prediction? A. conducting an experiment. B. Forming a testable hypothesis. C stating the scientific question. D. Analyzing the collected data
Answers
Answer:
1. Make an observation.
2. Ask a question.
3. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
5. Test the prediction.
6. Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.
I think this will help you
30 POINTS PLEASE HURRY!!!
Pulmonary circulation is the key component that supports both respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Examine this diagram of a human heart as seen while looking at the front of the body.
*diagram would be pictured here, but is attached instead*
Which correctly identifies where the blood is flowing to and from?
A: lower body, B: left lung, C: right lung, D: upper body
A: upper body, B: right lung, C: left lung, D: lower body
A: right lung, B: upper body, C: lower body, D: left lung
A: left lung, B: lower body, C: upper body, D: right lung
Answers
Answer:
A: upper body, B: right lung, C: left lung, D: lower body
Explanation:
Answer B
Explanation:
it is postconventional when the body's attraction to benefits is made as inspiration of choosing to act. true or false
Answers
The statement, "It is postconventional when the body's attraction to benefits is made as inspiration of choosing to act." is: False.
The concept described in the statement does not align with the conventional understanding of moral development.
Postconventional moral development refers to a stage of moral reasoning beyond conventional norms and societal expectations.
It involves the development of an individual's own ethical principles and values that guide their decision-making, independent of external rewards or benefits.
In postconventional moral reasoning, individuals prioritize universal ethical principles, such as justice, fairness, and respect for human rights, over personal interests or material gains.
Their actions are motivated by a sense of duty and adherence to their own moral compass, rather than being influenced primarily by the attraction of personal benefits.
Therefore, the body's attraction to benefits as the inspiration for choosing to act would not align with the postconventional stage of moral development.
Instead, it would reflect a more conventional or preconventional level of moral reasoning, where actions are driven by self-interest or external rewards rather than higher moral principles.
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if two species from the same kingdom met would they attack each other
Answers
Answer:
It is possible.
Explanation:
Let's take the Animalia Kingdom for example. You know that animals are prey and predator in the environment, and that there are food chains. Animals (carnivores or omnivores) do eat other animals to sustain their lives. It is entirely possible and plausible that 2 pieces from the same kingdom could attack each other.
of what significance is the blood pressure of 136/80 mm hg to the use of nitroglycerin?
Answers
The use of nitroglycerin is not indicated when the blood pressure is 136/80 mm Hg or higher. Nitroglycerin is a drug that is used to treat chest pain or angina.
It dilates blood vessels, allowing for more oxygen and blood flow to the heart, reducing chest pain or angina.
The significance of blood pressure of 136/80 mmHg is that it is considered to be a high-normal blood pressure reading. The normal range for blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg.
It is recommended that people with high-normal blood pressure take lifestyle measures to reduce their blood pressure. Blood pressure values that are high can be a concern since nitroglycerin is not indicated when blood pressure is 136/80 mm Hg or higher.
The use of nitroglycerin can lead to significant decreases in blood pressure, making it unsafe for individuals with high-normal or elevated blood pressure.
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How can humans best limit the negative impact that farming has on soil quality?
Answers
Answer:
rasenshuriken jk f these resources, soil and water have provided humans with the ability to ... to fertile soils; 3) the impacts of intensive agriculture on soil degradation; and 4) the ... in a severe limitation of crop yield — an example of the principle of limiting factors. ... to generate new soil, it is imperative that agricultural practices utilize best ...
Explanation:
Marine organisms can be grouped by size and habitat. match the group name to its description.
1. Organisms that are generally small and unable to move faster than the currents-
2. Organisms that are larger and able to move faster than the currents
3. Organisms of various size living on or in the sea floor
a. Nekton
b. Plankton
c. Benthos
Answers
Plankton are organisms that are too small to move faster than the currents.
Nekton are larger organisms that can move faster than the currents.
Benthos are small organisms that live on or in the seafloor.
The classification of all living organisms is based on basic, shared characteristics. Each group of organisms is then subdivided into smaller groups. These smaller groups are formed on the basis of more specific similarities within each larger group. Living organisms are classified primarily to avoid confusion, to facilitate organism study, and to learn how various organisms are related to one another.
There are several types of marine organisms. These include several bacterial genera and species, as well as protozoans, planktons, marine invertebrates, and vertebrates. There are three major groups of marine animals based on habitat and mobility: plankton, nekton, and benthos.
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Define the following terms in Genetics and give an example for each terms: 1) Complete dominant, 2) Incomplete dominant, 3) Co-Dominant
Answers
Genetics is the branch of biology that studies how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
Here are the definitions and examples of the three types of dominance in genetics:1) Complete dominant: This occurs when one allele completely dominates over the other. In a heterozygous genotype, the dominant allele will always be expressed. For example, if a pea plant with the genotype Rr (where R is the dominant allele for round seeds and r is the recessive allele for wrinkled seeds) is crossed with a homozygous dominant pea plant (RR), all of the offspring will have round seeds because the dominant R allele completely masks the recessive r allele.2) Incomplete dominant: This occurs when neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a blending of the two traits. In a heterozygous genotype, a third phenotype is expressed which is a combination of the two alleles. For example, if a red flower (RR) is crossed with a white flower (WW), the F1 generation will all be pink (RW).3) Co-dominant: This occurs when both alleles are equally dominant and both traits are expressed in the phenotype. In a heterozygous genotype, both alleles are expressed without one dominating the other. For example, in the human blood type, the A and B alleles are co-dominant. If a person has both A and B alleles, they will have the AB blood type.
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which statement about atmospheric pressure near earths surface is true
Answers
What is the final and most important product of cellular respiration?
Answers
Answer:
ATP The main product of any cellular respiration is the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This molecule stores the energy released during respiration and allows the cell to transfer this energy to various parts of the cell.
Answer: Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water.
Explanation:
Why is photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered a cycle?
In your 3-4 sentence response be sure to mention the following:
Reactants of the equations
Products of the equations
How the product is being made
Answers
Answer:
A cycle is a recurrent series of events. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration is considered a cycle due to the products of one process serving the reactants of the other. Photosynthesis: Glucose+oxygen makes carbon dioxide+water. Respiration: Carbon dioxide+water makes glucose+oxygen.
Osmosis is important to cells because _______ *
a. cells contain fluids that are mostly water
b. cells are filled with fluids that are mostly sugar
c. cells need to be kept cool
d. cells need food
Answers
100 PTS and BRAINLIEST ANSWER FAST
Crops gain genetic diversity when large swathes of farmland are planted with the same crop. Which part of this statement is false?
Farmland is planted with the same crop.
Crops that are the same gain diversity.
Crops are planted in large swathes.
Crops are planted in farmland.
Answers
Answer:
the answer is farmland is planted with the same crops
Some pulmonary diseases cause increase in dead space. Patients tend to have different breathing patterns in order to increase alveolar ventilation in order to compensate. Which breathing pattern will be more effective for increasing alveolar ventilation. High FEV/FVC. Increased breathing frequency. Increased tidal volume
Answers
Deep, slow, and controlled breathing is the breathing pattern that increases alveolar ventilation the greatest.
What is alveolar ventilation?The quantity of fresh air that enters the lungs' alveoli is known as alveolar ventilation.
In order to keep the blood adequately oxygenated and to remove carbon dioxide, it is crucial.
How does this method improve alveolar ventilation?With this method of breathing, more air may enter the lungs and get to the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place.
The effectiveness of improving alveolar ventilation will be greater with an increased tidal volume (the volume of air inhaled or expelled in one breath). This is due to the fact that more fresh air enters the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place, as the tidal volume rises. A high FEV/FVC ratio does not increase alveolar ventilation and is a sign of a healthy respiratory system. While breathing more often will result in more breaths taken per minute, it's possible that less fresh air may reach the alveoli as a result.
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Please help ASAP!! Very confused
Answers
The three diagrams or images are pictures of female reproductive plant parts.
What is the first image?
The first diagram is an Ase.xual Spore. An ase.xual spore is Asexual spores can be shed outdoors or within a specific reproductive sac called a sporangium and are genetically identical to their parents.
Inhospitable environmental circumstances frequently lead to se.xual reproduction in fungus. When reproducing sexually, mycelium can either be homothallic or heterothallic.
What is the second image?The second diagram or Item B of the plant is called the Ovule.
What is the Ovule of a plant?Ovules are held or contained in the carpal, the bottom portion of the pistil (eggs). the region of the flower that develops into a fruit after fertilization of the ovarian ovules, or eggs.
In order words, the Ovule is the part of a flowering plant that produces female reproductive cells.
What is the Third Image?The third image is a juxtaposition of subfamilies
Campanuloideae and Lobelioideae.To the left is a cross section of a common ovary in the subfamily of the plant genus called Lobelioideae. It depict 2 locules and numerous axile ovules.
On the right is a common ovary of the Campanuloideae with locules that are five in number and numerous axile ovules. There is also traces of milky sap on the cut surface.
What is a locule?A locule is any of several tiny, distinct chambers, particularly in an ovary.
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this answer i need pls ill mark brainliest
Answers
All - growth, exchange of gases, excretion, reproduction, and death (option d).
All living organisms undergo various life processes to maintain their existence. Let's analyze each option to determine which life processes are carried out by an organism's cells:
A. Only growth and exchange of gases: While cells are involved in growth and exchange of gases, they also participate in other life processes. This option is incomplete.
B. Only growth, exchange of gases, and reproduction: Cells play a crucial role in reproduction as they are responsible for the production of gametes and the process of cell division. However, there are additional life processes that cells also undertake.
C. Only growth, exchange of gases, excretion, and reproduction: This option includes excretion in addition to growth, exchange of gases, and reproduction. Cells participate in excretion by eliminating waste materials. However, there is one more life process that cells experience.
D. All - growth, exchange of gases, excretion, reproduction, and death: This option encompasses all the mentioned life processes. Cells are involved in growth as they undergo cell division and increase in number. They exchange gases through processes like respiration. Cells excrete waste products. They participate in reproduction through the formation of gametes and cell division. Lastly, cells also experience death as they have a limited lifespan.
Therefore, the correct answer is D. All - growth, exchange of gases, excretion, reproduction, and death.
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What can archaeological studies (particularly of the Mesolithic) tell us about prehistoric adaptations to climate change?
2) What can this tell us about our struggles with climate change today?
3) What specific challenges did Mesolithic people face as they confronted climate change that we don't today? What specific challenges do we have today that Mesolithic people didn't have to deal with?
4) How can archaeologists (and their specialized knowledge of the past) influence the climate change debate?
Answers
the Archaeological studies of the Mesolithic period can reveal a lot about prehistoric adaptations to climate change. This provides Archaeological studies (particularly of the Mesolithic) can tell us about prehistoric adaptations to climate change by revealing how prehistoric populations.
By analyzing fossils, pollen, soil samples, and other indicators, archaeologists can recreate past environments, ecosystems, and subsistence practices. They can see how people adapted to climate-induced changes in vegetation, water sources, and animal migrations. For example, changes in hunting strategies, toolmaking techniques, and settlement patterns are often related to shifts in climate.
Specific challenges we have today that Mesolithic people didn't have to deal with include the large-scale burning of fossil fuels, which is contributing to the warming of the planet. This is a challenge that requires global cooperation and political will to address. Archaeologists and their specialized knowledge of the past can influence the climate change debate by providing a long-term perspective and demonstrating the impact of human activities on the environment. They can also contribute to interdisciplinary research that brings together scientists, policymakers, and community stakeholders to develop strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Additionally, they can help to preserve cultural heritage sites that are threatened by climate change.
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The model shows a nucleic acid. Which is one function of the nucleic acid? It helps code for proteins. it help synthesize DNA It provides energy to the cell.. It helps synthesize DNA. It helps synthesize DNA. It is a major component of the cell membrane. It is a major component of the cell membrane.
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is - It helps code for proteins.
Explanation:
Nucleic acids are biomolecules that are essential for all life forms, they are of two major types RNA and DNA. In RNA the sugar is ribose whereas in DA deoxyribose sugar is present.
Nucleic acids are helpful in protein synthesis in both types of cells and all organisms. These biomolecule codes for the protein and makes the polypeptide chain made up of amino acids with the help of mRNA and tRNA with ribosomes.
steroid hormones: a. can cause the formation of cyclic amp and require a second messenger to function. b. cause protein synthesis in the cell. c. can cause the formation of cyclic amp. d. require a second messenger to function.
Answers
Steroid hormones cause protein synthesis in the cell. So the correct option is Option B.
For both steroid and thyroid hormones, binding of the hormone-receptor complex with DNA triggers transcription of a target gene to mRNA, which moves to the cytosol and directs protein synthesis by ribosomes. A steroid hormone directly initiates the production of proteins within a target cell. The steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex, the gonads, and the placenta; are all derived from cholesterol and many are of clinical importance. Steroid hormones are synthesized in the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex, the gonads, and the placenta; are all derived from cholesterol and many are of clinical importance. Steroid hormones are synthesized in the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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In order for protein synthesis to occur, both transcription and translation must occur. Which of the following statements describes the difference between transcription and translation?
In transcription, the genetic code of a DNA molecule is encoded. Translation is the process of converting the DNA code into a code that RNA can use.
In transcription, an amino acid chain is encoded in a DNA molecule. Translation is the process of turning the amino acids into nucleic acids in an RNA molecule.
In transcription, a double helix DNA molecule is split into two separate single strands. Translation is the process of joining each single DNA strand with a single strand of matching RNA.
In transcription, the genetic code of a DNA molecule is transferred to a messenger RNA molecule. Translation is the process of creating an amino acid chain using the encoded messenger RNA.
Answers
Answer:
1
Explanation:
In transcription, the genetic code of a DNA molecule is transferred to a messenger RNA molecule. The translation is the process of creating an amino acid chain by using the encoded messenger RNA. So the correct option is D.
What are transcription and translation?The first step in the process of gene expression is called transcription. In this process, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied for the formation of an RNA molecule.
RNA polymerase enzymes link the nucleotides of DNA to form an RNA strand. The DNA strand is the template. For every gene in the genome, transcription is separately controlled.
The translation is the process by which an mRNA molecule encodes for a protein. The process of translation happens with the help of tRNA in the ribosomes.
Translation requires ATP which is produced by the tRNA. The tRNA in the ribosomes supplies energy to RNA for the transcription of proteins The entry of mRNA occurs by the smaller subunit of RNA and the amino acid chain extends from the larger subunit.
Therefore the correct option is D.
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Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by which of the following?
a. A ventricular septal defect
b. Right ventricular hypertrophy
c. Transposition of the great arteries
d. Obstructed right ventricular outflow
e. An aorta positioned above the ventricular septal opening
Answers
Answer:
a. A ventricular septal defect
b. Right ventricular hypertrophy
d. Obstructed right ventricular outflow
e. An aorta positioned above the ventricular septal opening
Explanation:
Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four heart defects as the name ‘Tetra’ depicts. The four heart defects include A ventricular septal defect ,Right ventricular hypertrophy ,Obstructed right ventricular outflow and An aorta positioned above the ventricular septal opening.
It usually occurs and discovered at birth and it involves the process whereby the heart isn’t able to pump oxygen-rich blood to other parts of the body. Instead the blood are usually oxygen deficient and could cause a variety of health complications.
the three main components of connective tissue are: a. collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers. b. alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells. c. ground substance, fibers, and cells. d. fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts.
Answers
The correct answer to this question is (c) ground substance, fibers, and cells. The three main components of connective tissue are the substances above.
Along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue, connective tissue, often known as fibrous tissue, is one of the four main forms of animal tissue. It develops from the mesenchyme, which comes from the intermediate embryonic germ layer known as mesoderm. All over the body, including the neurological system, connective tissue covers the gaps between diverse tissues. Connective tissue makes up the three meninges, which are membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord.
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Which organelle contains biomolecules that are made of large and complex units called nucleotides?
Answers
Answer:
DNA and RNA are made up of monomers known as nucleotides. The nucleotides combine with each other to form a polynucleotide, DNA or RNA. Each nucleotide is made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group
Explanation:
_____ cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes. Group of answer choices Starch Fiber Maltose Glycogen
Answers
Answer: Fiber cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes.
Since the body can't break down fiber into sugar molecules, like most carbohydrates, it ends undigested.
in angiosperms, the process of ensures that the endosperm will develop only in ovules containing a fertilized egg. a) cytogenesis b) fragmentation c) double fertilization d) meiosis
Answers
In angiosperms, the process of double fertilization ensures that the endosperm will develop only in ovules containing a fertilized egg.
The angiosperms plants' distinctive property is double fertilization. Pollen grains are left on the stigma of the pistil or carpel after pollination. A pollen tube is created when the pollen grain on the stigma germinates. Two male gametes are released when the pollen tube that contains them descends through the pistil's style and enters the ovule's embryosac.
One of the gametes combines with the egg to create the zygote. The other male gamete fuses with the embryo sac's two polar nuclei. Triple fusion is the name given to the fertilization between two polar nuclei and one male gamete. Upon triple fusion, triploid primary endosperm cells are produced (3n).
The complete question is:
In angiosperms, the process of _________ ensures that the endosperm will develop only in ovules containing a fertilized egg.
a) cytogenesis
b) fragmentation
c) double fertilization
d) meiosis
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where are terms are placed on this diagram?
Answers
2. Nitrogen Base
3. Deoxyribose Sugar
4. Phosphate
PLZ HELP
Three different warbler species live in the same tree. One species feeds at the top of the tree, the second species feeds in the middle part of the tree, and the third species feeds at the bottom of the tree. Do all three species occupy the same niche? Explain.
Answers
Answer:
Yes and no.
Explanation:
While they are different species, they might only be on their part of the tree because they are at the bottom of the dominance chain. The species at the bottom of the tree might like the food at the top, but the bird might not want to fight for it.
What are the 5 mechanisms of evolution and their definition?
Answers
Evolution is the process of the gradual transformation of species through changes over time. The five mechanisms of evolution are genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, mutation, and non-random mating. Below is a brief description of each mechanism.
1. Genetic Drift: It is a mechanism of evolution that occurs due to the random fluctuations of the allelic frequencies in a population. In a small population, genetic drift is significant, and it causes allele frequencies to fluctuate from generation to generation.
2. Gene Flow: It is the movement of genes from one population to another. Gene flow can occur when individuals migrate from one population to another, and the exchange of genes between these populations can cause evolutionary changes.
3. Natural Selection: It is the process that leads to the survival and reproduction of organisms that are better adapted to their environment. In natural selection, the individuals with advantageous traits have a better chance of survival and reproduction, which leads to changes in the population over time.
4. Mutation: It is the process of the introduction of new genetic variants in a population. Mutations are random events that can lead to the formation of new alleles and can cause evolutionary changes in populations over time.
5. Non-Random Mating: It is a situation where individuals with certain traits tend to mate with each other more frequently than with others. Non-random mating can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles in a population and can lead to evolutionary changes.
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