1. Explain the functions of the reproductive system.

3. What hormones are involved in the development and functioning of the reproductive system, what are their functions, and where are they produced?
4. Where does fertilization typically take place?
5. Name and describe the layers of the uterus. Which layers are involved in menstruation?
6. What muscle is responsible for raising and lowering the testicles? What is the purpose of this?
7. How many chromosomes are in each mature human sperm and egg cell? In an embryo?
8. What primary things happen during each of the trimesters of pregnancy?
9. Which organ system is the last to develop in utero?
10. Compare and contrast sperm and egg production. Explain why women have to be more careful of teratogens than men.
11. What path do sperm take through the male reproductive tract, from production to expulsion?
12. Explain the process and stages of menstruation. What are the hormones involved in each stage?
13. What is amenorrhea? What can cause it?
14. What structures are involved in maintaining a pregnancy?
15. How is the placenta formed?​

Answer:

Biotic factor because it is living thing which makes its own food by itself.

Explanation:

Answer:

sun light and water and fresh air

Answer:

The standard definition for a habitable planet is one that can sustain life for a significant period of time. As far as researchers know, this requires a planet to have liquid water. To detect this water from space, it must be on the planet's surface.

Explanation:

:)

Answer:

900 grams

Explanation:

So first change pounds to kilograms so multiply 2 by 0.45 which is 0.9 kg.

0.9 kg to grams multiply by 1000 which is 900g.

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Based on the information provided, the different breeding times of the frog species can be considered a prezygotic barrier. This is because the barrier exists before fertilization can even occur. Prezygotic barriers are mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization between different species. In this case, the different breeding times of the frog species ensure that they do not mate with each other and do not produce hybrid offspring. Therefore, the breeding time difference acts as a prezygotic barrier preventing interbreeding between different frog species.

This situation, where different frog species live and breed in the same pond but reproduce at different times of the year, is an example of a prezygotic barrier. A prezygotic barrier prevents the formation of a zygote (a fertilized egg) before fertilization occurs. In this case, the barrier is temporal isolation, as the frog species reproduce at different times, preventing them from interbreeding and forming a zygote.

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Answer:

Tube feet in echinoderms have a few functions. The obvious one is locomotion. The feet are powered by the water vascular system. They are also important for absorbing oxygen (remember that the body of sea stars and their relatives are covered in bony plates called ossicles), for eliminating nitrogenous waste products of metabolism, and grasping prey. Sea stars are capable of pulling a bivalve apart by exerting pull on the two shells and essentially tiring the prey out as the muscles the prey eventually tire. Once there is an opening, the sea star everts its stomach into the prey.

If you've ever picked up a sea star and turned it over, you probably noticed the hundreds of tube "feet" lining its arms. It is these suction-bottomed tubes that the sea star uses to move about. It draws in water and channels it to canals that run throughout its body, usually ending in the tube feet.

Tube feet function in locomotion, feeding, and respiration. The tube feet in a starfish are arranged in grooves along the arms. They operate through hydraulic pressure. They are used to pass food to the oral mouth at the center, and can attach to surfaces.

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At the end of the Mesozoic era, there were mass extinctions, but they did not happen at the end of the Paleozoic era, which is present in Option D as the At the end of the Mesozoic era, there was a major extinction event that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs.

The Mesozoic era is known as the age of the dinosaurs, and it lasted from about 252 to 66 million years ago. At the end of the Mesozoic era, there was a major extinction event that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs and many other species. This event is known as the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The impact caused a global environmental catastrophe, leading to widespread fires, earthquakes, and tsunamis.

Hence,  At the end of the Mesozoic era, there were mass extinctions, but they did not happen at the end of the Paleozoic era, which is present in Option D.

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Articular discs are found in all joints listed except the vertebrocostal joint.

Articular discs, also known as menisci, are fibrocartilaginous structures that are found in various joints of the body. They serve to enhance joint stability, improve congruence between articulating surfaces, and distribute forces evenly during joint movement. The sternoclavicular joint (A), temporomandibular joint (B), and tibiofemoral joint (C) all have articular discs. The sternoclavicular joint allows movement of the clavicle and sternum, the temporomandibular joint facilitates jaw movement, and the tibiofemoral joint is the primary articulation of the knee. However, the vertebrocostal joint (D) does not have an articular disc. This joint connects the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae and functions to provide stability to the ribcage.

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Conservation ecologists might use this information to help maintain honey bee populations by seeking ways to limit populations of the Asian giant hornet.

This is because honey bees avoid high-quality food sources when the Asian giant hornet is present, which can lead to a reduction in the amount of food available to the bees.

If honey bees do not have access to high-quality food sources, they may not be able to maintain their populations, which can have negative consequences for ecosystems and agriculture.

Limiting populations of the Asian giant hornet can be achieved through various methods such as using traps, pheromone-based lures, or biological control agents such as nematodes or fungi.

By reducing the population of the Asian giant hornet, honey bees will be able to access high-quality food sources without the risk of predation, leading to the maintenance of their populations.

Planting more high-quality food sources in the area can also be beneficial, but this alone may not be sufficient to protect honey bee populations from predation.

Restocking the area with additional honey bees may not be effective if the area is still inhabited by the hornet predators.

Ultimately, reducing populations of the Asian giant hornet is a more direct and effective method of protecting honey bee populations.

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Answer:

20

Explanation:

The ecosystem is made of tropic levels that starts from producers and ends on consumers. The producers get the maximum energy from the sun and then transfer only 10% of the total energy to the next tropic levels.

If snake receives 200 calories of the energy from eating a rabbit, then 10% of 200 = 20, would be passed down to the hawk.

All the cell types, molecules, or processes listed above have a function or role in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. These are macrophages, dendritic cells, complement, AMPs, and phagocytosis.

Innate or nonspecific immunity is the defense system with which we are born. These are the barriers that form the first line of defense in the immune response.

Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system that phagocytose bacteria.

Dendritic cells are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. Complement is a system of plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) provide a principal first line of defense against invading pathogens. It is an ancient type of innate immunity found universally in all living organisms.

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Complete question:-

Which cell types, molecule, or process listed below does not have a function or role in both the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A) macrophages

B) dendritic cells

C) complement

D) AMPs

E) phagocytosis

Answer:

Explanation:

Mitosis ends up in two identical daughter cells, but meiosis results in four sex cells.

Mitosis results in two nuclei that are identical to the original nucleus. Meiosis, on the other hand, results in four nuclei, each having half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. In animals, meiosis only occurs in the cells that give rise to the sex cells (gametes), i.e., the egg and the sperm.

Before the chemical nature of genetic material was known, scientists knew that genetic material must do or be all of the following, EXCEPT that genetic material must be composed of many different chemical units to account for the variability seen in nature.

Genetic material refers to the genetic components of living organisms that contain the hereditary information of the offspring. The genetic material's role is to transmit the genetic information from the parent cell to the daughter cell or from one generation to the next.

The structure of the genetic material is quite complicated, and it varies between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the most frequent genetic material in most living organisms, while RNA (ribonucleic acid) is more prevalent in some viruses.

Before the chemical nature of genetic material was known, scientists knew that genetic material must be capable of storing large amounts of information, replicate faithfully, and encode the phenotype.

However, they didn't know that genetic material must be composed of many different chemical units to account for the variability seen in nature.

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The statement that "The radius of the zone of inhibition will increase in a synergistic interaction" is not correct.

In a synergistic interaction between antimicrobials, their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects, resulting in a larger zone of inhibition. This means that the radius of the zone of inhibition will increase in a synergistic interaction.

An antagonistic interaction between antimicrobials, on the other hand, results in a smaller zone of inhibition than would be expected if each antimicrobial were used alone. This means that the radius of the zone of inhibition will decrease in an antagonistic interaction.

A zone of inhibition that is "flattened" on one side indicates that antagonism has occurred, as the antimicrobial that is causing the flattening is inhibiting the growth of the other antimicrobial in that area. Overlapping zones of inhibition may also indicate antagonism, as the antimicrobials are inhibiting each other's growth in the area of overlap.

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Answer:

VO₂ max refers to how much oxygen your body can absorb and use during exercise.

If you’re looking to improve your aerobic fitness, you might consider maximizing your VO₂ max (sometimes called your oxygen uptake).

Explanation:

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Answer:

A. Is expensive to build or maintain

Explanation:

Hydroelectric energy is a type of energy which is generated from the flow of water. In this energy, water is allowed to fall from a certain height on the turbine. The moving of turbine produces energy. The main disadvantage of hydroelectric energy is that it is very expensive and require high amount of money for the construction and maintenance of hydroelectric power plant. The machinery used for the production of hydroelectric energy is very costly.

Answer:

The nervous system influence the respiratory system by regulating breathing rate.

Explanation:

The respiratory system is controlled by the nervous system, which consists of two branches - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. In addition the respiratory centers of the brainstem is responsible for the regulation of breathing patterns.

The cochlear nucleus in the brainstem is the location where auditory sensory axons of a cochlear branch for cranial nerve no.8 terminate.

The axons of some sensory neurons, like those responsible for touch and temperature, are known as afferent nerve fibers, and the motor neuron travels down them from the medulla oblongata to the periphery as well as along an branch of identical axon from the medulla oblongata to the spinal cord.

Particularly, sensory axons that emerge from epidermal (or muscle) and send information to the nervous system will behave differently than motor axons that control muscle muscle and make it contract. A nerve cell, or nerve cell, has a slender fiber called an axon that it projects from.

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The heart of crocodile is four chambered while heart of turtle is three chambered.

Reptiles like turtle have three chambered heart with the exception of crocodile which has a four chambered heart.

Heart is an organ which is responsible to pump blood throughout the body of the organism.

Double circulation, just like humans is the characteristic of the crocodile's heart leading to a specific flow of blood into the atria and ventricles respectively. No mixing of blood occurs in this case.

Incomplete circulation, is the characteristic of the reptilian heart leading to a non-specific flow of blood into the atria and ventricles respectively. Mixing of blood occurs in this case.

Turtle which is a reptile lacks a division in the ventricles of the heart which is present in that of crocodile heart.

The heart of crocodile is four chambered which gives more efficiency to crocodile as compared to any other known reptile.

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Hemoglobin: The high iron-containing protein in red blood cells (RBCs) is known as hemoglobin. This gives the blood a red color.

It has two main functions: it carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues of the body, and it carries carbon dioxide from cells back to the lungs for excretion.

Functions of hemoglobin:

Consequences of hemoglobin deficiency:

Hemoglobin deficiency reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.

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Less dense and Darker in color are  two terms apply to continental crust rather than oceanic crust.

The both option are correct A and B.

When compared towards the continental crust, the oceanic lithosphere is thin, relatively young, simpler, and chemically richer in magnesium. The oceanic lithosphere is the chilled and crystallised melt fraction that results from the magmatism of the mantle there at semi ridges.

At subduction zones, the oceanic crust is forced back into the mantle, causing this process to happen. At mid-ocean divides and volcanic hotspots, new crust in the form of volcanic rock is created when old oceanic plate is submerged and melts into magma.

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Answer:

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Answer:

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Parenchyma, in plants, tissue typically composed of living cells that are thin-walled, unspecialized in structure, and therefore adaptable, with differentiation, to various functions.

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Wettability of EP and UP for both carbon fiber and E-glass fiber can be compared as follows: Wettability is the measure of how a liquid spreads over a solid surface and is determined by the surface energy of the solid.

Surface energy is the energy required to form new surfaces and is dependent on the chemical nature and structure of the surface. The surface tension of the liquid and the contact angle of the liquid droplet on the solid surface are the two fundamental quantities that determine wettability. Untreated carbon fiber has low surface energy due to its inert surface and does not adhere well to most adhesives or resins. E-glass fibers, on the other hand, have a higher surface energy, making them more compatible with adhesives and resins.

E-glass is a hydrophilic material with a high surface energy. Epoxy (EP) resins are hydrophobic in nature, whereas unsaturated polyester (UP) resins are hydrophilic. Because of its high surface energy, E-glass fibers are easier to wet-out and bond to than carbon fibers. Both carbon and glass fibers can be treated with chemical or physical treatments to improve their wettability and adhesion to resins. Silane coupling agents are commonly used to modify the surface of glass fibers and improve their wettability with epoxy resins. Carbon fibers are typically treated with sizing agents to improve their wettability with resins.

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The observed results of the cross in Drosophila melanogaster show deviation from the expected results, indicating that epistasis is occurring.

Epistasis is a phenomenon where the expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene. In this case, the interaction between the B and V genes is affecting the expression of their respective traits.

Specifically, it appears that the V gene is epistatic to the B gene, meaning that the presence of the dominant V allele is masking the expression of the recessive b allele in the Bbvv genotype.

This can be seen in the observed numbers, where the Bbvv genotype is less than expected, indicating that the presence of the dominant V allele is leading to a higher expression of the wild-type wing shape.

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Flexibility is the ability to move a body part through a full range of motion ,it result in a flexible movement of body without any restriction.

Flexibility exercises are activities that improve the ability of a joint to maintain the movement necessary for carrying out daily tasks and physical activity. Examples of flexibility activities include: stretching. yoga.

Better flexibility may: Improve your performance in physical activities. Decrease your risk of injuries. Help your joints move through their full range of motion.

When it comes to stretching, there are three main techniques: static, dynamic, and ballistic stretching.

Flexibility is a personality trait that describes the extent to which a person can cope with changes in circumstances and think about problems and tasks in novel, creative ways. This trait is used when stressors or unexpected events occur, requiring a person to change their stance, outlook, or commitment.

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The two abiotic factors that make this possible include the

following:

These refers to the non-living components of the ecosystem

and have various effects on different ecosystems being present

in the world.

Water and Temperature determine the types of crops and

animals which are found in the ecosystem. In Deserts for

example, the water is usually low with a corresponding high

temperature.

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Homeobox genes are a group of genes that play a key role in the development of the body plan of many organisms, including arthropods like brine shrimp and grasshoppers.

These genes code for proteins called transcription factors that regulate the expression of other genes involved in development.

While brine shrimp and grasshoppers have very similar homeobox genes, the differences in their body forms can be attributed to differences in the regulation of gene expression during development. In other words, the same set of homeobox genes can be used to generate different body plans depending on how they are regulated and how they interact with other genes during development.

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Explanation:

Examples of genetic factors could include large breed cattle and species of grass affecting growth of organisms.

Similarly, drugs, chemicals, temperature, and light are among the external environmental factors that can determine which genes are turned on and off, thereby influencing the way an organism develops and functions.

By the second season, a single species dominated the field a possible factor in this secondary succession was inhibition. Option D.

Secondary succession occurs when the degree of disturbance is insufficient to remove all existing vegetation and soil from the site. Different kinds of disturbances can cause secondary transitions, such as fire flood storms, and human activity. Types of ecosystem succession The evolution of the ecological structure of a community, in which plants and animals reconstitute habitats after major disturbances.

In secondary succession, a previously occupied area is repopulated after a mayhem that kills most or all of the population. A classic example of secondary succession occurs in oak and hickory forests cut down by wildfires. Wildfires consume most of the vegetation and kill animals that cannot escape the area. Fire is one of the most common causes of secondary succession and is a key factor in the regeneration and vitality of many types of ecosystems.

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Answer:

Silent stream having uniform velocity cause the most water and sediment to be collected at the bottom of the stream table

Explanation:

A silent stream having uniform velocity allows the sand, soil, mud and dust in it to settle down and continuously flowing through various terrains (as governed by the law of precipitation).

If the stream water is moving at high speed and there is lot turbulence then the suspended particles in it will never settle.